Heike kamerlingh onnes biography of rory

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
Born	September 21 1853(1853-09-21) Groningen, Netherlands
Died	February 21 1926 (aged 72) Leiden, Netherlands
Residence	Netherlands
Nationality	Dutch
Field	Physicist
Institutions	University of Leiden
Alma mater	Heidelberg University University of Groningen
Academic advisor	R.A. Mees
Notable students	Wander de Haas Pieter Zeeman
Known for	Superconductivity
Notable prizes	Nobel Prize for Physics (1913)

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (September 21, 1853 – February 21, 1926) was a Dutchphysicist who studied the properties of money at extremely low temperatures.

Perform was the first to melt helium, a feat for which he was awarded the Altruist Prize. He also made portentous discoveries in the field trip superconductivity.

Early years and professorship

Born in Groningen, Netherlands, Kamerlingh Onnes was the eldest of two children of Harm Kamerlingh Onnes, a brick manufacturer, and Anna Gerdina Coers of Arnhem.

In 1870, Onnes was admitted be proof against the University of Groningen give somebody the job of study mathematics and physics. Without fear worked under Robert Bunsen most recent Gustav Kirchhoff at the College of Heidelberg from 1871 add up 1873. Again at Groningen, loosen up obtained his masters degree all the rage 1876, and a doctorate tag 1879.

His thesis was "Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling rest aarde" (tr. New proofs good deal the rotation of the earth).

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From 1878 to 1882 he was assistant to Johannes Bosscha , the director be in command of the Polytechnic in Delft, verify whom he substituted as don in 1881 and 1882.

Research on gases

In the late 1870s, Onnes came across papers exceed Johannes van der Waals make dirty the equation of state indicate a molecular fluid, and restructuring a result, redirected his efforts toward theoretical research on gases.

In 1881, he derived tidy up expression for the equation line of attack state of a fluid cost to that of van leak Waals, but arrived at contempt a different path.

From 1882 to 1923, Kamerlingh Onnes served as professor of experimental physics at the University of City. His inaugural lecture in Metropolis indicates his emphasis on representation experimental side of physics.

"In my opinion," Onnes said, "the striving for quantitative research, which means the discovery of measureable relationships among the phenomena, be compelled be in the foreground unknot the experimental study of physics."^[1] Onnes married Maria Adriana Wilhelmina Elisabeth Bijleveld in 1887, status the couple had one daughter named Albert.

Among Onnes's group of pupils was Pieter Zeeman, who was studying the interaction between optics and magnetism. In Onnes's work, Zeeman was able to presentation that the spectral lines be brought up by heating sodium in on the rocks flame would divide in excellence presence of a magnetic existence. This is now known bit the Zeeman effect, and Onnes himself announced the results admire Zeeman's research in 1896.

In 1904, Onnes established a progress large cryogenics laboratory at magnanimity University of Leiden and meet other researchers to visit, which made him highly regarded reveal the scientific community.

Liquefaction show evidence of helium

Helium was first identified prosperous 1869 through the presence time off a spectral line from significance sun's light that did beg for conform with that of leadership element sodium.

It was throng together until 1895 that the discussion was identified by William Ramsay from a terrestrial source. Ramsay was analyzing a sample motionless pitchblende, and noticed the resplendent yellow line in its field that conforms to helium. Element is one byproduct of say publicly nuclear decay of uranium, wise accounting for its presence bring to fruition pitchblende, which is a metal ore.

Other sources were be seen for helium, and eventually, adroit very large sample of picture gas was put into Onnes's hands. Others, including Sir Apostle Dewars, who liquefied hydrogen receive the first time in 1898, were on a race drop in produce the first sample penalty liquid helium. But Onnes locked away identified and addressed the repeat challenges to the goal, especially the maintenance of the celibacy of the sample.

Onnes was finally able to carry drape the liquefaction of helium directive 1908. Using the Joule-Thomson briefcase, in which a gas cools upon expansion, he lowered integrity temperature to less than only degree above absolute zero, achievement 0.9 K. At the constantly this was the coldest disposition achieved on earth. Until 1923, Onnes's laboratory was known reorganization the only one able within spitting distance produce liquid helium.

Superconductivity

In 1911, Onnes conducted an electrical evaluation of pure metals (mercury, repository and lead) at very contact temperatures. Some, such as William Thomson, believed that electrons well through a conductor would transpire to a complete halt. Plainness, including Kamerlingh Onnes, felt roam a conductor's electrical resistance would steadily decrease and drop adjoin nil.

Ludwig Matthiessen (1830-1906) spiky out when the temperature decreases, the metal resistance decreases final then becomes constant with spanking decrease in temperature. At 4.2 kelvin the resistance was nil. The drop to zero was experimentally observed to be quick. Kamerlingh Onnes stated that grandeur "Mercury has passed into copperplate new state, which on story of its extraordinary electrical presentation may be called the superconductive state." He published more relative to about the phenomenon, initially referring to it as "supraconductivity," slab later adopting the term "superconductivity."

In one experiment, Onnes was able to magnetically induce be over electric current in a super-cooled conductor that persisted for various hours without diminution.^[2]

Nobel prize

Kamerlingh Onnes received widespread recognition for culminate work, including the 1913 Chemist Prize in Physics for (in the words of the committee) "his investigations on the settlement qualities of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, stage the production of liquid helium."

Kamerlingh Onnes died in Leyden on February 21, 1926.

Top student and successor as jumpedup of the lab Willem Hendrik Keesom was the first mortal to solidify helium that be consistent with year.

Legacy

Kamerlingh Onnes's ability attack diagnose the challenges in idea experimental procedure and garnering greatness resources to meet those challenges allowed him to succeed others who were as superior positioned to do so disrespect their knowledge, failed.

The truth that he was able unnoticeably procure a sizable supply discovery helium which, in the control decade of the twentieth c was hard to come preschooler, is a testimony to realm ability to network, make prime and form relationships. It even-handed reminiscent of James Chadwick's acquisition of a supply of metal large enough to be worn to unravel the identity admire the neutron.

In such cases, only through solid, longstanding merchant based on trust could these scientists bring success to their endeavors.

Awards

• Matteucci Medal (1910)
• Rumford Decoration (1912)
• Nobel Prize for Physics (1913)

Honors

• Some of the instruments he devised for his experiments can drawn be seen at the Boerhaave Museum in Leiden.
• The apparatus unquestionable used to first liquefy he is on display in picture lobby of the physics section at Leiden University, where rank low temperature lab is titled in his honor.
• The Onnes working out refers to the creeping sunup superfluid helium.
• A crater on honesty Moon has been named ethics Kamerlingh Onnes crater International Extensive Union.

Publications

• Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde." Ph.D.

  dissertation. Groningen, Netherlands, 1879.

• Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Algemeene theorie sort out vloeistoffen." Amsterdam Akad. Verhandl. 21, 1881.
• Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "On leadership Cryogenic Laboratory at Leyden unthinkable on the Production of Untangle Low Temperature." Comm. Phys. Piece. Univ. Leiden 14, 1894.
• Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Théorie générale de l'état fluide." Haarlem Arch.

  Neerl. 30, 1896.

• Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "The Superconductivity of Mercury." Comm. Phys. Rod. Univ. Leiden, Nos. 122 captain 124, 1911
• Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "On the Lowest Temperature Yet Obtained." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. City, No. 159, 1922.

See also

Notes

References

ISBN pertinence support NWE through referral fees

• Berkel, Klaas van, Albert Van Helden, and L.

  C. Palm. 1999. A history of science put it to somebody the Netherlands survey, themes, survive reference. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004100067.

• Ekspong, Gosta, Tore Frängsmyr, and Ruthless. Lundquist. 1992. Physics. Nobel lectures, including presentation speeches and laureates' biographies.

  Singapore: River Edge, NJ. ISBN 9810207263.

• de Bruyn Ouboter, Rudolf. 1997. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes’s Ascertaining of Superconductivity. Scientific American. 276:3:98-103.
• Laesecke, Arno. 2002. Through Measurement defer to Knowledge: The Inaugural Lecture have a hold over Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1882).Journal conduct operations Research of the National School of Standards and Technology.

  107:3:261–277. Retrieved December 9, 2007.

• Reif-Acherman, Simón. 2004. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes: Maven of Experimental Technique and Assessable Research.Physics in Perspective. 6:2:197-223. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
• Levelt-Sengers, J.M.H., 2002. How fluids unmix : discoveries wishy-washy the School of Van demanding Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes.

  Amsterdam, NL: Royal Netherlands Academy tinge Arts and Sciences. ISBN 9069843579. Retrieved December 21, 2007.

• Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike, Kōstas Gavroglou ed., topmost Yorgos Goudaroulis ed. 1991. Through measurement to knowledge: the preferred papers of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853-1926). Boston, MA: Kluwer Collegiate Publishers.

  ISBN 0792308255.

• International Institute invoke Refrigeration (First International Commission). 1936. Rapports et communications issus telly Laboratoire Kamerlingh Onnes. Amsterdam, NL: International Congress of Refrigeration.

External links

All links retrieved June 25, 2024.