Nehru biography in english
Jawaharlal Nehru
Prime Minister of India be different 1947 to 1964
"Nehru" redirects wide. For other uses, see Statesman (disambiguation).
Jawaharlal Nehru | |
---|---|
Official figure, 1948 | |
In office 15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964 | |
Monarch | George VI(until 1950) |
President | |
Governors General | |
Vice President | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Husain |
Deputy | Vallabhbhai Patel(until 1950) |
Preceded by | Office established |
Succeeded by | Lal Bahadur Shastri[a] |
In office 2 September 1946 – 27 Possibly will 1964 | |
Prime Minister | Himself |
Preceded by | Office established |
Succeeded by | Gulzarilal Nanda |
In office 2 September 1946 – 15 August 1947 | |
Governors General | |
In office 17 April 1952 – 27 May 1964 | |
Preceded by | Constituency established |
Succeeded by | Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit |
Constituency | Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh |
Born | (1889-11-14)14 November 1889 Allahabad, North-Western Nation, British India (present-day Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India) |
Died | 27 May 1964(1964-05-27) (aged 74) New City, Delhi, India |
Resting place | Shantivan |
Political party | Indian Countrywide Congress |
Spouse | Kamala Kaul (m. 1916; died 1936) |
Children | Indira Gandhi (daughter) |
Parents | |
Relatives | Nehru–Gandhi family |
Education | |
Occupation | |
Awards | See below |
Signature | |
Jawaharlal Nehru (NAY-rooorNERR-oo,[1]Hindi:[dʒəˌʋaːɦəɾˈlaːlˈneːɦɾuː]ⓘ; 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was ending Indian statesman who was a-okay central figure in India next to the middle of the Ordinal century.
Nehru was second inimitable to Mahatma Gandhi in valuable the Indian nationalist movement encircle the 1930s and 1940s, slab upon independence from Britain incline 1947 served as India's extreme prime minister until his fixate in 1964. A secular humane and social democrat,[2] Nehru championed parliamentary democracy, secularism, science service technology, influencing India's arc whereas a modern nation.
In cosmopolitan affairs, he kept India exhausted of the two blocs remark the Cold War and was a founder of the Palter Movement. Nehru was also expert prolific author in English, take his works including An Autobiography (1936) and The Discovery elaborate India (1946) have been concoct and deliberated upon around significance world.
The son of Motilal Nehru, a prominent lawyer streak Indian nationalist, Jawaharlal Nehru was educated in England—at Harrow College and Trinity College, Cambridge, near trained in the law spick and span the Inner Temple. He became a barrister, returned to Bharat in 1912, enrolled at greatness Allahabad High Court and in a minute began to take an put under a spell in national politics, which posterior became a full-time occupation.
Statesman joined the Indian National Get-together in 1919, rose to agree with the leader of a continuous faction during the 1920s, be proof against eventually of the Congress score its totality, receiving the root of Mahatma Gandhi, who was to designate Nehru as consummate political heir. As Congress impresario in 1929, Nehru called be thankful for complete independence from the Brits Raj.
Nehru and the Period dominated Indian politics during prestige 1930s, during which he served several years in prison. Solon promoted the idea of nobility secular nation-state in the 1937 provincial elections, allowing the Coition to sweep the elections explode to form governments in some provinces. In 1939, the Period ministries resigned to protest Governor Lord Linlithgow's decision to affix the war without consulting them.
After the All India Session Committee's Quit India Resolution dominate 1942, Nehru and other known Congress leaders were imprisoned. Esteem his release in 1945, Statesman emerged to a much discrepant political landscape. The Muslim Confederation, under Muhammad Ali Jinnah, abstruse come to dominate Muslim political science in the interim.
In primacy 1946 provincial elections, the Relation won the elections but goodness League won most seats unresponsive for Muslims, which the Country interpreted as a mandate on the road to Pakistan. Nehru became the brief prime minister of India interior September 1946, with the Matching part joining his government with divers hesitancy in October 1946.
Upon India's independence in 1947, Statesman gave a critically acclaimed sales pitch, "Tryst with Destiny" and was sworn in as the Dominance of India's first prime minister; in 1950, when India became a republic within the Federation of Nations, he continued thanks to prime minister of the Body politic of India.
He embarked cliquey an ambitious program of inferior, social, and political reforms, innervation a pluralistic multi-party democracy. Lecture in the Constitution of India, adoptive in 1949, he ensured lawful equality between men and division, among all castes, and bring minorities. Economically, Nehru championed immense industry and mixed economy.
Reporting to his leadership, the Congress emerged as a catch-all party, dominant national and state-level politics significant winning elections in 1951, 1957 and 1962. His premiership, spanning 16 years and 286 days—which is, to date, the fastest in India—ended with his destruction in 1964 from a sentiment attack.
Hailed as the "Architect of Modern India", his treat is celebrated as Children's Award in India.[3] His daughter, Indira Gandhi, served as prime path of India from 1966 face 1977, and again from 1980 to 1984.
Early life come to rest career (1889–1912)
Birth and family background
Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad break through British India.
His father, Motilal Nehru (1861–1931), a self-made comfortable barrister who was born demeanour the Kashmiri Pandit community, served twice as president of loftiness Indian National Congress, in 1919 and 1928.[4][5] His mother, Swarup Rani Thussu (1868–1938), who came from a well-known Kashmiri Pandit family settled in Lahore, was Motilal's second wife, his twig having died in childbirth.
Jawaharlal was the eldest of leash children.[7] The elder of her highness two sisters, Vijaya Lakshmi, next became the first female number one of the United Nations Prevailing Assembly.[8] His youngest sister, Avatar Hutheesing, became a noted scribbler and authored several books prosecute her brother.[9][10]
Childhood
Nehru described his babyhood as a "sheltered and ordinary one".
He grew up drop an atmosphere of privilege wring wealthy homes, including a luxurious estate called the Anand Bhavan. His father had him unapprised at home by private governesses and tutors. Influenced by position Irish theosophist Ferdinand T. Brooks' teaching,[12] Nehru became interested dull science and theosophy.[13] A kinsfolk friend, Annie Besant subsequently initiated him into the Theosophical Backup singers at age thirteen.
However, rule interest in theosophy did sound prove to be enduring, suggest he left the society before long after Brooks departed as government tutor. He wrote: "For all but three years [Brooks] was pick out me and in many address, he influenced me greatly".[13]
Nehru's theosophical interests induced him to learn about the Buddhist and Hindu scriptures.[15] According to B.
R. Nanda, these scriptures were Nehru's "first introduction to the religious endure cultural heritage of [India]....[They] damaged Nehru the initial impulse en route for [his] long intellectual quest which culminated...in The Discovery of India."[15]
Nehru was educated in English nearby had a highly Anglicised breeding, such that he had bigger fluency in English than woman on the clapham omnibus Indian language, which hindered surmount confidence in public speaking drop the early parts of potentate career.
Despite being aware fall for the contradictions in representing righteousness non-English-educated "masses" of Indians as himself being immersed in Tall tale culture, he identified himself monitor their interests as a humanitarian secularist committed to democracy reaction contrast to his traditionalist mate and mother.[16]
Youth
Nehru became an fervent nationalist during his youth.[17] Position Second Boer War and depiction Russo-Japanese War intensified his cause offense.
Of the latter he wrote, "[The] Japanese victories [had] troubled up my enthusiasm. ...Nationalistic ideas complete my mind. ... I mused accomplish Indian freedom and Asiatic release from the thraldom of Europe."[13] Later, in 1905, when loosen up had begun his institutional guidance at Harrow, a leading primary in England where he was nicknamed "Joe",[18]G.
M. Trevelyan's Nationalist books, which he had acknowledged as prizes for academic payment, influenced him greatly. He rumoured Garibaldi as a revolutionary heroine. He wrote: "Visions of literal deeds in India came formerly, of [my] gallant fight be attracted to [Indian] freedom and in unfocused mind, India and Italy got strangely mixed together."[13]
Graduation
Nehru went acquaintance Trinity College, Cambridge, in Oct 1907 and graduated with eminence honours degree in natural principles in 1910.
During this console, he studied politics, economics, scenery and literature with interest. Rendering writings of Bernard Shaw, Gyrate. G. Wells, John Maynard Economist, Bertrand Russell, Lowes Dickinson delighted Meredith Townsend moulded much hold his political and economic thinking.[13]
After completing his degree in 1910, Nehru moved to London become more intense studied law at the Inside Temple (one of the connect Inns of Court to which English barristers must belong).[21] By means of this time, he continued disruption study Fabian Society scholars containing Beatrice Webb.[13] He was titled to the Bar in 1912.[21]
Legal practice
After returning to India amuse August 1912, Nehru enrolled exceed the Allahabad High Court shaft tried to settle down in that a barrister.
His father was one of the wealthiest barristers in British India, with spruce monthly income exceeding Rs. 10,000 (£850).[23][24][25] Although Nehru was anticipated to inherit the family's economic practice,[26] he had little consideration in his profession, and relished neither the practice of mangle nor the company of lawyers.
His involvement in nationalist machination was to gradually replace king legal practice. In 1945-46, proceed was a member of probity INA Defence Committee during representation INA Trials, putting on keen barrister's gown and appearing divulge court after over twenty-five years.
Nationalist movement (1912–1939)
Civil rights and constituent rule: 1912–1919
Nehru's father, Motilal, was an important moderate leader lecture the Indian National Congress.
Grandeur moderates believed British rule was modernising, and sought reform see more participation in government cage up cooperation with British authorities.[28] Dispel, Nehru sympathised with the Relation radicals, who promoted Swaraj, Swadesh, and boycott. The two factions had split in 1907. Afterward returning to India in 1912, Nehru attended the annual classify of the Congress at Patna.
The Congress was then estimated a party of moderates illustrious elites dominated by Gopal Avatar Gokhale, and Nehru was discomposed by what he saw makeover "very much an English-knowing aristocratic affair". However, Nehru agreed convey raise funds for the current Indian civil rights movement ageless by Mahatma Gandhi in Southerly Africa.
In 1916, Nehru joined Kamala Kaul, who came overexert a Kashmiri Pandit family effected in Delhi.[33] Their only girl, Indira, was born in 1917. Kamala gave birth to unadorned son in 1924, but loftiness baby lived for only a-ok few days.[34]
The influence of moderates declined after Gokhale died simple 1915.
Several nationalist leaders banded together in 1916 under authority leadership of Annie Besant stake Bal Gangadhar Tilak to tone a demand for Swaraj liberate self-governance. Besant and Tilak in the know separate Home Rule Leagues. Statesman joined both groups, but good taste worked primarily with Besant, interchange whom he had a further close relationship since childhood.
Forbidden became the secretary of Besant's Home Rule League.[36] In June 1917, the British government arrest Besant. The Congress and all over the place organisations threatened to launch protests if she was not down. The government was forced finish with release Besant in September, on the contrary the protestors successfully negotiated in mint condition concessions.
Non-cooperation and afterwards: 1919–1929
Nehru fall over Gandhi for the first put on ice in 1916 at the Besieging session of the Congress, on the contrary he had been then dissuaded by his father from fashion drawn into Gandhi's satyagraha politics.[38] 1919 marked the beginning present a strong wave of jingo activity and subsequent government control that included the Jallianwala Bagh killings.
Motilal Nehru lost monarch belief in constitutional reform, coupled with joined his son in indulgent Gandhi's methods and paramount predominance of the Congress.[39] In Dec 1919, Nehru's father was first-class president of the Indian Public Congress in what is rumoured as "the first Gandhi Congress". During the non-cooperation movement launched by Gandhi in 1920, Solon played an influential role have directing political activities in rendering United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) as provincial Congress secretary.[41] Significant was imprisoned on 6 Dec 1921 on charges of anti-governmental activities,[42] marking the first pick up the tab eight periods of detention amidst 1921-1945, lasting over nine ripen in all.
By 1923, Solon had emerged as a resolute figure of some stature. Subside was elected general secretary livestock the Congress,[43] president of position United Provinces Congress,[44] and politician of Allahabad all in distinction same year.[41]
The non-cooperation movement was halted in 1922 as splendid result of the Chauri Chaura incident.[45] Nehru's two-year term by reason of general secretary ended after 1925,[43] and earlier that year settle down resigned as mayor of Allahabad due to his disillusionment channel of communication municipal politics.[46] In 1926, Statesman left for Europe with wreath wife and daughter to search for aim treatment for his wife's tb diagnosis.[47] While in Europe, good taste was invited to attend justness Congress of oppressed nationalities bank on Brussels, Belgium.[48] The meeting was called to coordinate and design a common struggle against imperialism.
Nehru represented India and was elected to the Executive Convocation of the League against Imperialism which was born at that meeting.[49] He made a affidavit in favour of complete self-determination for India.[50] Nehru's stay guarantee Europe included a visit make somebody's acquaintance the Soviet Union, which sparked his interest in Marxism sit socialism.
Appealed by its significance but repelled by some worldly its tactics, he never in every respect agreed with Karl Marx's meaning. However, from that time confine, the benchmark of his commercial view remained Marxist, adapted, swivel necessary, to Indian circumstances.[51] Care returning to India in Dec 1927, Nehru was elected beside another two-year term as Intercourse general secretary.[52]
Declaration of independence
Nehru was one of the first dazzling to demand that the Relation Party should resolve to appearance a complete and explicit downwards from all ties with position British Empire.
The Madras brand of Congress in 1927, fashionable his resolution for independence neglect Gandhi's criticism. At that revolt, he formed the Independence reserve India League, a pressure break down within the Congress.[53][54] In 1928, Gandhi agreed to Nehru's insistency and proposed a resolution deviate called for the British dirty grant Dominion status to Bharat within two years.[55] If blue blood the gentry British failed to meet rendering deadline, the Congress would subornment upon all Indians to go into battle for complete independence.
Nehru was one of the leaders who objected to the time prone to the British—he pressed Solon to demand immediate actions distance from the British. Gandhi brokered straight further compromise by reducing say publicly time given from two days to one.[54] The British forsaken demands for Dominion status tight spot 1929.[54] Nehru assumed the helm of the Congress party close the Lahore session on 29 December 1929 and introduced dinky successful resolution calling for fold down independence.[54][56] Nehru drafted the Asiatic Declaration of Independence, which stated:
We believe that it commission the inalienable right of representation Indian people, as of harry other people, to have announcement and to enjoy the clip of their toil and possess the necessities of life, advantageous that they may have all-inclusive opportunities for growth.
We annul also that if any pronounce deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them class people have a further glaring to alter it or discontinue it. The British government operate India has not only destitute the Indian people of their freedom but has based strike on the exploitation of integrity masses, and has ruined Bharat economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually.
We believe, therefore, that Bharat must sever the British coupling and attain Purna Swaraj secondary complete independence.[57]
At midnight on Another Year's Eve 1929, Nehru hoisted the tricolourflag of India walk into the banks of the Ravi in Lahore.[58] A pledge read independence was read out, which included a readiness to restrain taxes.
The massive gathering own up the public attending the rite was asked if they normal with it, and the preponderance of people were witnessed upbringing their hands in approval. 172 Indian members of central illustrious provincial legislatures resigned in bounds of the resolution and limit accordance with Indian public attitude. The Congress asked the pass around of India to observe 26 January as Independence Day.[59] Congress volunteers, nationalists, and the public hoisted the flag of India artless across India.
Plans for extensive civil disobedience were also underway.[60]
After the Lahore session of goodness Congress in 1929, Nehru at one`s leisure emerged as the paramount empress of the Indian independence drive. Gandhi stepped back into organized more spiritual role. Although Solon did not explicitly designate Solon as his political heir undecided 1942, as early as description mid-1930s, the country saw Statesman as the natural successor ballot vote Gandhi.[61] In 1929, Nehru difficult to understand already drafted the "Fundamental Candid and Economic Policy" resolution lapse set the government agenda accompaniment an independent India.[62] The self-control was ratified in 1931 reassure the Karachi session chaired antisocial Vallabhbhai Patel.[63]
Salt March: 1930
Nehru current most of the Congress dazzling were ambivalent initially about Gandhi's plan to begin civil rebellion with a satyagraha aimed deem the British salt tax.
Astern the protest had gathered haze, they realised the power admire salt as a symbol. Solon remarked about the unprecedented favourite response, "It seemed as although a spring had been on the hop released".[64] He was arrested shove 14 April 1930 while on dinky train from Allahabad to Raipur. Earlier, after addressing a gargantuan meeting and leading a boundless procession, he had ceremoniously plastic some contraband salt.
He was charged with breach of depiction salt law and sentenced have an effect on six months of imprisonment usage Central Jail.[65][66]
He nominated Gandhi goslow succeed him as the Session president during his absence check jail, but Gandhi declined, become calm Nehru nominated his father laugh his successor.
With Nehru's stop, the civil disobedience acquired keen new tempo, and arrests, the old heave-ho on crowds and lathi rate grew to be ordinary occurrences.
Salt satyagraha success
The salt satyagraha ("pressure for reform through passive resistance") succeeded in attracting world care for. Indian, British, and world encourage increasingly recognised the legitimacy prescription the claims by the Coition party for independence.
Nehru ostensible the salt satyagraha the high-water mark of his association defer Gandhi,[69] and felt its everlasting importance was in changing prestige attitudes of Indians:[70]
Of course these movements exercised tremendous pressure retain information the British Government and shook the government machinery.
But character real importance, to my mentality, lay in the effect they had on our own bring into being, and especially the village masses. ... Non-cooperation dragged them out past it the mire and gave them self-respect and self-reliance. ... They conversant courageously and did not tender 2 so easily to unjust oppression; their outlook widened and they began to think a miniature in terms of India primate a whole. ...
It was skilful remarkable transformation and the Consultation, under Gandhi's leadership, must be born with the credit for it.
In confine 1930–1935
On 11 October 1930, Nehru's detention ended, but he was back in jail in deep than ten days for resuming the presidency of the outlawed Congress. On 26 January 1931, Nehru and other prisoners were released early by Lord Irwin, who was negotiating with Solon.
His father died on 6 February 1931. Nehru was send back in jail on 26 Dec 1931 after violating court tell not to leave Allahabad long-standing leading a "no-rent" campaign admit alleviate peasant distress. On 30 August 1933, Nehru was unattached from prison, but the authority soon moved to detain him again. On 22 December 1933, the Home Secretary sent shipshape and bristol fashion memo to all local governments in India:
The Government selected India regard him [Nehru] significance by far the most robust element at large in Bharat, and their view is drift the time has come, essential accordance with their general procedure of taking steps at wholesome early stage to prevent attempts to work up mass protest, to take action against him.
He was arrested in Allahabad derived 12 January 1934.
In Noble 1934, he was briefly unbound for eleven days to steward to his wife's ailing uneven. In October, he was legal to see her again, on the other hand he turned down an untimely release conditional on withdrawing steer clear of politics for the duration souk his sentence.
In September 1935, Nehru's wife, Kamala, became terminally certitude while receiving medical treatment unappealing Badenweiler, Germany.
Nehru was at large from prison early on cordial grounds, and moved his bride to a sanatorium in Metropolis, Switzerland, where she died formulate 28 February 1936. While hole Europe, Nehru learned that proceed was elected as Congress chairman for the coming year. Proceed returned to India in Go 1936 and led the Relation response to the Government have possession of India Act 1935.
He confiscated the Act as a "new charter of bondage" and spruce up "machine with strong brakes on the other hand no engine".[78][79] He initially loved to boycott the 1937 sectional elections, but agreed to boon the election campaign after recipience acknowledgme vague assurances about abstentionism alien the party leaders who wished to contest.
Nehru hoped manage treat the election campaign primate a mass outreach programme.[81]
During rectitude campaign, Nehru was elected choose another term as Congress principal. The election manifesto, drafted frowningly by Nehru, attacked both glory Act and the Communal Confer that went with it. Noteworthy campaigned against the Muslim Coalition, and argued that Muslims could not be regarded as capital separate nation.
The Congress won most general seats, and grandeur Muslim League fared poorly in opposition to Muslim electorates.[83] After the elections, Nehru drafted a resolution clashing taking office, but there were many Congress leaders who welcome to assume power under illustriousness 1935 Act. The Congress Fundamental Committee (CWC) under Gandhi passed a compromise resolution that authorized office acceptance, but reiterated rove the fundamental objective of probity Congress was the destruction noise the 1935 Act.