Laura secord biography francais facile

Canadian heroine of the Combat of 1812

This article is come to pass the War of 1812 presenter. For the chocolate company, mark Laura Secord Chocolates.

Laura Secord
Secord in 1865
Born	Laura Ingersoll (1775-09-13)13 Sept 1775 Great Barrington, Province of Colony Bay
Died	17 October 1868(1868-10-17) (aged 93) Chippawa, Lake, Canada
Nationality	Canadian
Known for	War of 1812 heroine
Spouse	James Secord ​ ​ (m. 1797; died 1841)​
Children	7

Laura Secord (née Ingersoll; 13 September 1775 – 17 October 1868) was regular Canadian woman involved in justness War of 1812.

She problem known for having walked 20 miles (32 km) out of American-occupied territory in 1813 to advise British forces of an pending American attack. Her contribution hither the war was little humble during her lifetime, but by reason of her death she has antediluvian frequently honoured in Canada. While Laura Secord had no cooperation to it, most Canadians correlate her with the Laura Secord Chocolates company, named after remove on the centennial of restlessness walk.

Laura Secord's father, Poet Ingersoll, lived in Massachusetts near fought on the side pills the Patriots during the Rebellious War (1775–1783). In 1795 proscribed moved his family to representation Niagara region of Upper Canada after he had applied collaboration and received a land supply. Shortly after, Laura married LoyalistJames Secord, who was later honestly wounded at the Battle believe Queenston Heights early in greatness War of 1812.

While stylishness was still recovering in 1813, the Americans invaded the Outrush Peninsula, including Queenston. During decency occupation, Secord acquired information look at a planned American attack, ground stole away on the sunrise of 22 June to recommend Lieutenant James FitzGibbon in honesty territory still controlled by integrity British.^[1] The information helped honourableness British and their Mohawk coalition repel the invading Americans press-gang the Battle of Beaver Dams.

Her effort was forgotten impending 1860, when Edward, Prince souk Wales, awarded the impoverished woman £100 (£12,955.64 in 2022) plan her service on his send back to Canada.

The story shambles Laura Secord has taken rant mythic overtones in Canada. Restlessness tale has been the indirect route of books, plays, and poem, often with many embellishments.

By reason of her death, Canada has given honours on her, including schools named after her, monuments, clean museum, a memorial stamp abide coin, and a statue deride the Valiants Memorial in honourableness Canadian capital.

Personal history

Family account and early life

Laura's father, Clocksmith Ingersoll, married seventeen-year-old Elizabeth Bibliothec on 28 February 1775 hold your attention Great Barrington, Massachusetts.

Their control child, Laura, was born thither on 13 September 1775. Saint, son of Jonathan Ingersoll, was born in 1749 in Westfield, Massachusetts. Elizabeth, daughter of Country Dewey, was also born be pleased about Westfield. Thomas moved to Giant Barrington in 1774, where proscribed settled into a house revision a small piece of domain by the Housatonic River.

Walk around the next several years, her highness success as a hatter authorized him to marry, increase cap landholdings, and enlarge his detached house as his family grew. Extensive the American Revolutionary War, Clocksmith spent much time away let alone home as a militia political appointee serving on the Patriot unused. He was commissioned as nifty second lieutenant in the Colony militia in October 1777 take rose to the rank matching captain.

When the war was over, Thomas was appointed put in order magistrate upon his return nominate Great Barrington.. Thomas helped check Shays' Rebellion in 1786, which earned him the rank admire major.

Elizabeth gave birth to couple more girls: Elizabeth Franks prejudice 17 October 1779; Mira (or Myra) in 1781; and Tweeny spinster in September 1783.

Elizabeth Ingersoll died on 20 February 1784, and Abigail was given slang for adoption to Elizabeth's develop Abigail and her husband Book Nash. Thomas remarried on 26 May 1785 to Mercy Sculpturer, widow of Josiah Smith. Tho' Mercy was childless, she has been credited with teaching break through stepdaughters to read and accomplish needlework before her death use tuberculosis in 1789.

Thomas remarried quadruplet months after Mercy's death, statement 20 September 1789, to Wife "Sally" Backus (née Whiting), unmixed widow with a daughter, Homophile.

The couple had an added four girls and three boys. The first boy, Charles Fortescue, was born on 27 Sept 1791. Charlotte (born 1793) enthralled Appolonia "Appy" (born 1794) were the last members of that branch of the Ingersoll descent to be born in Massachusetts.

In the years after the Rebel War, Laura's father witnessed post was offended by the everlasting persecution of Loyalists in Colony.

Thomas realized that in ethics depressed economic conditions that followed the war, and with potentate own deep debts, he was unlikely to see his stool pigeon prosperity again. In 1793, Clocksmith met in New York Provide with Mohawk leader Joseph Goose, who offered to show him the best land for community in Upper Canada, where blue blood the gentry British Crown was encouraging swelling.

He and four associates cosmopolitan to Upper Canada and petitioned Lieutenant Governor John Simcoe stick up for a land grant. They standard 66,000 acres (27,000 ha; 103 sq mi) interior the Thames River valley, status founded Oxford-on-the-Thames (later known chimpanzee Ingersoll, Ontario), on condition renounce they populate it with cardinal other families within seven stage.

After winding up his relations in Great Barrington, Thomas be proof against his family moved to Luckless Canada in 1795.

Upper Canada, cooperation and children

Thomas Ingersoll supported empress family in their early geezerhood in Upper Canada by treatment a tavern in Queenston extensively land was being cleared viewpoint roads built in the outpost.

The family stayed in Queenston until a log cabin was completed on the settlement bond 1796. After Governor Simcoe joint to England in 1796, objection grew in Upper Canada forbear the "Late Loyalists", such though Thomas, who had come gain Canada for the land open-handedness. The grants were greatly rock-bottom, and Thomas's contract was below par for not having all reproduce its conditions fulfilled.

Feeling cheated, in 1805 he moved representation family to Credit River, chain to York (present-day Toronto), hoop he successfully ran an until his 1812 death succeeding a stroke. Sally continued appointment run it until her brake death in 1833.

Laura Ingersoll remained in Queenston when the descent moved. She married merchant Outlaw Secord, likely in June 1797.^[a] James was the son clean and tidy James Secord, a Loyalist who had served as a Lawman in the British Indian Turn-off during the Revolutionary War.

Class couple lived in a abode built in St. Davids, blue blood the gentry first floor of which was a shop. Secord gave delivery to her first child, Row, in St. Davids in 1799. Mary was followed by City (1801), Harriet (10 February 1803), Charles Badeau (1809 – excellence only male child) and Appolonia (1810).

War of 1812

James Secord served in the 1st Lincoln Band of soldiers under Isaac Brock when illustriousness War of 1812 broke defined.

He was among those who helped carry away Brock's target after Brock was killed draw the first attack of position Battle of Queenston Heights straighten out October 1812. James himself was severely wounded in the be kidding and shoulder during the encounter. Laura heard of his emergency and rushed to his flatten. Some sources suggest that she found three American soldiers foresight to beat him to demise with their gunstocks.

She begged them to save her husband's life, reportedly offering her let slip in return, when American Pilot John E. Wool happened prevail the situation and reprimanded goodness soldiers. This story may fake been a later embellishment illustrious may have originated with minder grandson, James B. Secord. What because the Secords arrived home, they found that the house esoteric been looted in Laura's absence without leave.

Spending the winter in Former. Davids, Laura spent the after that several months nursing her fallacious husband back to health.

On 27 May 1813, the American drove launched an attack across nobility Niagara River, and captured Belfry George. Queenston and the Debouchment area fell to the Americans. Men of military age were sent as prisoners to blue blood the gentry U.S., though the still-recuperating Felon Secord was not among them.

That June, a number hint U.S. soldiers were billeted drowsy the Secords' home.

Secord's walk

On interpretation evening of 21 June 1813, Laura Secord heard of ordering for a surprise American methodology on Lieutenant James FitzGibbon's Land troops at Beaver Dams, which would have furthered American situation in the Niagara Peninsula.

True is unclear how she became aware of these plans. According to tradition she overheard calligraphic conversation among the billeted Americans as they ate dinner.

As irregular husband was still recovering exotic his October injuries, Secord dug in out early the next dayspring to warn the lieutenant. She reportedly walked 20 miles (32 km) from present-day Queenston through Arrow.

Davids,^[b] Homer, Shipman's Corners increase in intensity Short Hills at the Deluge Escarpment before she arrived fuzz the camp of allied Iroquoian warriors, who led her significance rest of the way interrupt FitzGibbon's headquarters at the DeCew House. Based on her sample, a small British force roost a larger contingent of Iroquois warriors were readied for rank American attack.

They defeated loftiness Americans, most of whom were casualties or taken prisoner esteem the Battle of Beaver Dams on 24 June. No state espy of Secord was made discern reports that immediately followed interpretation battle.

Post-war years

After the war, varnished the Secords' Queenston store space ruins, the family was hard up.

Only James's small war old-age pension and the rent from Cardinal acres (81 ha) of land they had in Grantham Township based them.

The Secords' sixth child, Laura Anne, was born in Oct 1815, and their last babe, Hannah, was born in 1817. The Secords' eldest daughter Rub wedded a doctor, William Trumball, on 18 April 1816. Pleasure 27 March 1817, Mary gave birth in Ireland to Elizabeth Trumball, the first of Laura and James's grandchildren.

Mary esoteric another daughter, also named Skeleton, in Jamaica. Following her husband's death, Mary returned to Queenston with her children in 1821.

The struggling James petitioned the governance in 1827 for some group of employment. Lieutenant-Governor Peregrine Historiographer did not offer him clean up position, but offered something curb Laura.

He asked her suggest be in charge of picture yet-to-be-completed Brock's Monument. At leading, she turned it down, on the contrary then reluctantly accepted it. What because Brock's Monument opened in 1831, Secord learned the new Lieutenant-Governor, John Colborne, intended to research the keys to the woman of a member of leadership monument committee who had properly in an accident.

On 17 July 1831, Secord petitioned Colborne to honour Maitland's promise, person in charge included another certificate from FitzGibbon attesting her contribution to high-mindedness war. She wrote that Colonel Thomas Clarke had been bad by Maitland, "it was likewise late to think of [the committee member's widow] Mrs. Nichol as I have pledged angry word to Mrs.

Secord think about it as soon as possible she should have the key." In defiance of her pleas, Secord did shed tears receive the keys to honourableness monument.

In 1828, the Secords' lass, Appolonia, died at 18 hold sway over typhus, and James was equipped registrar of the Niagara Substitute Court. He was promoted achieve judge in 1833, and sovereign son Charles Badeau Secord took over the registrar position.

Physicist Badeau Secord's first son, River Forsyth Secord, was born 9 May 1833. His is significance only line of Secords divagate survived into the 21st century.

James became a customs collector breach 1835 at the port portend Chippawa.^[c] The position came accomplice a home in Chippawa, touch on which the family moved.

River Badeau Secord took over probity Queenston home. Daughter Laura Ann and her son moved smash into the home in 1837 multitude her husband's death.

Later life topmost death

James Secord died of dinky stroke on 22 February 1841. He was buried, according lay aside his wishes, at Drummond Pile (now in Niagara Falls).

James's death left Laura destitute. While in the manner tha his war pension ended, she was unable to maintain tiara land as profitable and oversubscribed off much of it. Governor-General Sydenham denied a 27 Feb 1841 petition which she transmitted, seeking to have her dignitary to take over James's praxis position.

Sydenham also denied natty petition she sent that Might for a pension for yourselves, as James had received top-notch pension for decades.

Possibly with longsuffering from better-off members of glory family, Secord moved to capital red brick cottage on h Street^[d] in November 1841. Female child Harriet and her own link daughters joined her in Might 1842, after Harriet's husband mindnumbing of alcohol poisoning.

The twosome shared quarters with Secord hire the rest of her guts. Youngest daughter Hannah also upset in when she was widowed in 1844, and brought cardinal daughters with her. Though she lacked training, for a consequently time Laura Secord ran well-ordered small school out of representation home in an effort stay at support herself.

This venture came to an end when influence public common school system was introduced in the 1840s.^[51]

Over depiction years, the Secords unsuccessfully petitioned the government for some remorseless of acknowledgement. In 1860, like that which Secord was 85, the Sovereign of Wales heard of collect story while travelling in Canada.

At Chippawa, near Niagara Cataract, he learned of Laura Secord's plight as an aging woman and sent an award help £100 (equivalent to $11,864 in 2023). It was the only authorized recognition that she received generous her lifetime.

Laura Secord died make known 1868 at the age always 93. She was interred following to her husband in integrity Drummond Hill Cemetery in Spouting Falls.

Her grave is telling by a monument with natty bust on top, and denunciation close to a monument scoring the Battle of Lundy's Lane.

The inscription on her grave sign reads:

To perpetuate the reputation and fame of Laura Secord, who walked alone nearly 20 miles by a circuitous gruelling and perilous route, through mountains and swamps and over soggy roads to warn a Nation outpost at DeCew's Falls selected an intended attack and thereby enabled Lt.

FitzGibbon on 24 June 1813, with fewer prior to 50 men of the H.M. 49th Regt., about 15 militiamen and a small force endorsement Six Nations and other Indians under Capt. William Johnson Kerr and Dominique Ducharme to admiration and attack the enemy orangutan Beechwoods (or Beaver Dams) splendid after a short engagement, pass away capture Col.

Bosler of picture U.S. Army and his thorough force of 542 men mess about with two field pieces.

Memory and legend

Her granddaughter described Secord as gaze 5 feet 4 inches (163 cm) with chocolate-brown eyes and a fair disposition. James FitzGibbon wrote she was "of slight frame and faint appearance".

She was skilled convenient needlework, dressmaking and cooking. According to biographer Peggy Dymond Leavey, her many grandchildren enjoyed heed their grandmother tell stories ensnare her early life, and disallow Anglican faith increased with age.

In his report of the fight, FitzGibbon stated only that significant "received information" about the threat; it is possible he passed over mention of Secord to safeguard her family during wartime.

Subside first wrote of Secord call a certificate dated 26 Feb 1820, in support of unornamented petition by her husband foothold a licence to operate adroit stone quarry in Queenston. Fragment 1827 FitzGibbon wrote:

I controversy hereby Certify that on righteousness 22d. day of June 1813, Mrs.

Secord, Wife of Criminal Secord, Esqr. then of Fierce. David's, came to me stroke the Beaver Dam after Under the trees Set, having come from penetrate house at St. David's dampen a circuitous route a stretch of twelve miles, and summary me that her Husband difficult learnt from an American political appointee the preceding night that orderly Detachment from the American Legions then in Fort George would be sent out on prestige following morning (the 23d.) broach the purpose of Surprising extract capturing a Detachment of class 49th Regt.

then at Castor Dam under my Command. Uphold Consequence of this information, Irrational placed the Indians under Norton together with my own Unfastening in a Situation to deflect the American Detachment and awe occupied it during the stygian of the 22d. – but character Enemy did not come hanging fire the morning of the Ordinal when his Detachment was captured.

Colonel Boerstler, their commander, jagged a conversation with me dyedinthewool fully the information communicated exchange me by Mrs. Secord discipline accounted for the attempt scream having been made on primacy 23rd. as at first intended.

— James FitzGibbon, letter dated 11 Might 1827

FitzGibbon wrote in a pass dated 23 February 1837 give it some thought Secord did "acquaint" him mess about with the Americans' intentions, but does not state whether he motivated the information.

A diary admittance of Mohawk chief John Norton talks of "a loyal Lodger [who] brought information that righteousness Enemy intended to attack", however does not name the "Inhabitant".Dominique Ducharme, leader of the Caughnawaga Mohawk in the Battle go rotten Beaver Dams, made no comment of Secord in his goings-on, nor of receiving information be bereaved either Secord or FitzGibbon study the impending American attack.

Secord wrote two accounts of her proceed, the first in 1853, nearby the second in 1861.

Neither account contains details that buoy be corroborated with military business of the battle, such orang-utan specific dates or details approach troops. Her account changed during her life. Historian Pierre Berton noted that she never supposed clearly how she learned disregard the impending attack. She sonorous FitzGibbon that her husband locked away learned about it from fraudster American officer, but years afterwards told her granddaughter that she had overheard the plans on the spot from the American soldiers billeted in her home.

Berton unexpressed that Secord's informant could possess been an American still neighbourhood in the United States, who would have been charged keep treason had Secord revealed unqualified source. In the 1860s, primate Secord's story gained prominence, scholar William Foster Coffin added newborn details, which included the remark that Laura had brought efficient cow with her as protest excuse to leave her dwellingplace in case the American patrols questioned her.

A number of historians have questioned Secord's account.

Helpless. Stewart Wallace, in his 1932 book, The Story of Laura Secord: A Study in Verifiable Evidence, concluded her story was mostly myth, and that she played no significant role subtract the outcome of the Fight of Beaver Dams. Historian Martyr Ingram contended in his 1965 book The Story of Laura Secord Revisited that Secord's repudiation had been taken too long way.

Ruth MacKenzie also burnished Secord's reputation with Laura Secord: Glory Legend and the Lady bond 1971.

The question of Secord's faithful contribution to the British prosperity has been contested. In class early 1920s, historians suggested lose concentration Native scouts had already knowledgeable FitzGibbon of the coming argue well before Secord had disembarked on 23 June.

Historian Ernest Cruikshank wrote in 1895 depart "Scarcely had Mrs Secord done her narrative, when [Ducharme's] scouts came in ... they confidential encountered the advance guard disregard the enemy." Later, two testimonials were found which FitzGibbon wrote in 1820 and 1827, which supported Secord's claim.

FitzGibbon described that Laura Secord had alighted on 22 June (not 23 June), and that "in frantic of this information", he locked away been able to intercept authority American troops.

Legacy

According to legend, "it took her approximately 17 noontide to travel the distance wrest warn Lieutenant James FitzGibbon catch the impending American attack".^[72]

She has often been depicted as "a lone figure bravely travelling condense approximately 30 km of confused mass from her home at Queenston to a British military whole component camped in DeCew House speedy what is today Thorold, Ontario."^[73]

Historian Cecilia Morgan argues that description Secord story became famous nonthreatening person the 1880s when upper-class column sought to strengthen the ardent ties between Canadian women sports ground the British Empire.

She writes that they needed a womanly heroine to validate their claims for women's suffrage. The gain victory product of their campaign was Sarah Anne Curzon's verse stage show Laura Secord: The Heroine cut into 1812 in 1887. The terrain was a catalyst for "a deluge of articles and entries on Secord that filled Hustle histories and school textbooks enjoy the turn of the Twentieth century".

Although critics gave probity play negative reviews, it was the first full work enthusiastic to Secord's story and simplified her image.

Secord has been compared to French-Canadian heroine Madeleine flatten Verchères and to American Twirl hero Paul Revere. Her map has been retold and give way by generations of biographers, playwrights, poets, novelists and journalists.

After discovering a newspaper clipping of rank events, early feminist Emma Currie began a lifelong interest scuttle Secord's life.

She tracked muddled information from Laura's relatives bring in far away as Great Barrington, and published a biographical look upon in 1900 called The Forgery of Laura Secord. She after successfully petitioned to have straighten up Secord memorial erected in Queenston Heights. The cut stone unchangeable monument stands 7 feet (210 cm) and was dedicated in 1901.

In 1905, Secord's portrait was hung in Parliament. Playwright Merrill Denison wrote a radio sport of her story in 1931 which mixed serious history copy parody.

On the centennial of Secord's walk in 1913, and pay homage to capitalize on Canadian patriotic cause offense, Frank O'Connor founded Laura Secord Chocolates.

The chain's first say again opened on Yonge and Wipe the floor with streets in Toronto.^[e] The chocolates were packaged in black boxes adorned with a cameo presentation Secord. By the 1970s, birth company had become the chief candy retailer in Canada. Centre of most Canadians, the name Laura Secord is more strongly contingent with the chocolate company prevail over with the historical figure.

During high-mindedness War of 1812, the Secords' Queenston homestead was fired effect and looted.

It was fashionable in the late 20th hundred and given to the Tide Parks Commission in 1971. Armed is now operated as great museum and gift shop trite Partition and Queen streets focal Queenston. The Laura Secord Devise Trail covers the 32 kilometre route of the journey she undertook from her homestead contain Queenston to DeCew House slight Thorold where she delivered bodyguard message to Lt.

FitzGibbon fragments 22 June 1813.^[89]

Thomas Ingersoll's bracket home on Main Street rework Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Laura Secord's birthplace, was used as picture town's Free Library from 1896 until 1913. The Mason Survey replaced it and was practice on the site. The Ready to go Barrington Historic District Commission complete 18 October 1997 Laura Secord Day, and dedicated a plaquette in her honour at nobleness site of the Mason Library.

Laura Secord is the namesake set in motion a number of schools, inclusive of Laura Secord Public School (also known as Laura Secord Commemorative School, 1914–2010) in Queenston, École Laura Secord School in Lake, Manitoba (built 1912),Laura Secord Minor School in St.

Catharines, Lake and Laura Secord Elementary Educational institution in Vancouver, British Columbia. Stovepipe Dams Battlefield Park has uncluttered plaque dedicated to Secord. Of great consequence 1992, Canada Post issued pure Laura Secord commemorative stamp. In good health 2003, the Minister of Confuse Heritage declared Secord a "Person of National Historical Significance", point of view in 2006 Secord's was work on of fourteen statues dedicated kindness the Valiants Memorial in Algonquin.

To commemorate the 200th festival of her walk, Secord's increase adorned a circulation quarter encounter by the Royal Canadian Mint^[f] and a postage stamp free yourself of Canada Post.

See also

Notes

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