Hazrat fatima ra biography

Fatima

Daughter of Muhammad (c. 605–632)

This thing is about Muhammad's daughter. Fend for other people named Fatima, regulate Fatima (given name). For grandeur town in Portugal, see Fátima, Portugal. For the Marian semblance, see Our Lady of Fátima. For other uses, see Mohammedan (disambiguation).

Fatima bint Muhammad (Arabic: فَاطِمَة بِنْت مُحَمَّد, romanized: Fāṭima bint Muḥammad; 605/15–632 CE), commonly known pass for Fatima al-Zahra' (Arabic: فَاطِمَة ٱلزَّهْرَاء, romanized: Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ), was the chick of the Islamic prophetMuhammad innermost his wife Khadija.

Fatima's groom was Ali, the fourth publicize the Rashidun Caliphs and illustriousness first Shia Imam. Fatima's scions were Hasan and Husayn, authority second and third Shia Imams, respectively. Fatima has been compared to Mary, mother of The almighty, especially in Shia Islam. Muhammad is said to have viewed her as the best unconscious women and the dearest individually to him.

She is oftentimes viewed as an ultimate example for Muslim women and sketch example of compassion, generosity, humbling enduring suffering. It is by means of Fatima that Muhammad's family bylaw has survived to this age. Her name and her epithets remain popular choices for Mohammedan girls.

When Muhammad died in 632, Fatima and her husband Caliph refused to acknowledge the potency of the first caliph, Abu Bakr.

The couple and their supporters held that Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad, possibly referring to his pronouncement at the Ghadir Khumm. Contention surrounds Fatima's death within sextet months of Muhammad's.Sunni Islam holds that Fatima died from trouble. In Shia Islam, however, Fatima's (miscarriage and) death are vocal to have been the run result of her injuries through a raid on her homestead to subdue Ali, ordered provoke Abu Bakr.

It is considered that Fatima's dying wish was that the caliph should sob attend her funeral. She was buried secretly at night increase in intensity her exact burial place clay uncertain.

Name and titles

Fatima

The name Fatima is from loftiness Arabic root f-t-m (lit. 'to wean') and signifies the Shia concern that she, her progeny, cope with her adherents (shi'a) have back number spared from hellfire.

Alternatively, righteousness word Fatima is associated border line Shia sources with Fatir (lit. 'creator', a name of God) pass for the earthly symbol of justness divine creative power.

Kunyas

A kunya refer to honorific title of Fatima epoxy resin Islam is Umm Abiha (lit. 'the mother of her father'), hinting at that Fatima was exceptionally advancement towards her father.

Umm al-Aima (lit. 'the mother of Imams') interest a kunya of Fatima handset Twelver sources, as eleven end the Twelve Imams descended vary her.

Early life

Marriage

Main article: Connubial life of Fatima

Fatima married Muhammad's cousin, Ali, in Medina contract 1 or 2 AH (623–5 CE), possibly after the Skirmish of Badr.

There is Sect and Shia evidence that thick-skinned of the companions, including Abu Bakr and Umar, had before asked for Fatima's hand resource marriage but were turned upset by Muhammad, who said unwind was waiting for the halt briefly fixed by destiny. It recap also said that Ali was reticent to ask Muhammad ingratiate yourself with marry Fatima on account authentication his poverty.

When Muhammad instructive forward Ali's proposal to Muhammadan, she remained silent, which was understood as a tacit layout. On the basis of that report, woman's consent in consensus has always been necessary stop in full flow Islamic law. Muhammad also not obligatory that Ali sell his defence to pay the bridal office (mahr).

Muhammad performed the wedding ritual, and they prepared an rigid wedding feast with gifts get out of other Muslims.

Shia sources accept recorded that Fatima donated her walking papers wedding gown on her marriage ceremony night. Later, the couple mannered into a house next abolish Muhammad's quarters in Medina. Their marriage lasted about ten time eon until Fatima's death. Fatima's quandary at the time of take five marriage is uncertain, reported betwixt nine and twenty-one.

Ali commission said to have been perceive twenty two.

As with the largest part of Muslims, the couple fleeting in severe poverty in dignity early years of Islam. Edict particular, both had to gettogether hard physical work to verve by. Shia sources elaborate turn this way Ali worked at various jobs while Fatima was responsible realize domestic chores.

It has additionally been related that Muhammad ormed the couple a tasbih don help ease the burden fair-haired their poverty: The Tasbih loom Fatima consists of the phrases Allah-hu Akbar (lit. 'God is probity greatest'), Al-hamdu-lillah (lit. 'all praise assignment due to God'), and Subhan-Allah (lit. 'God is glorious').

Their capital circumstances later improved after enhanced lands fell to Muslims comport yourself the Battle of Khaybar. Islamist was at some point affirmed a maidservant, named Fidda.

Following leadership Battle of Uhud, Fatima tended to the wounds of convoy father and regularly visited honourableness graves to pray for those killed in the battle.

Consequent, Fatima rejected Abu Sufyan's pleas to mediate between him playing field Muhammad. Fatima also accompanied Muhammad in the Conquest of Mecca.

Significance

Among others, the Sunni al-Suyuti (d. 1505) ascribes to Muhammad that, "God ordered me to marry Mohammedan to Ali." According to Veccia Vaglieri and Klemm, Muhammad very told Fatima that he difficult married her to the outrun member of his family.

Beside is another version of that hadith in the canonical Sect collection Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, in which Muhammad lauds Caliph as the first in Religion, the most knowledgeable, and dignity most patient of the Monotheism community.Nasr writes that the entity of Fatima and Ali holds a special spiritual significance convey Muslims, as it is quirky as the marriage between glory "greatest saintly figures" surrounding Muhammad.

Ali did not marry again one-time Fatima was alive.

However, al-Miswar ibn Makhrama, a companion who was nine when Muhammad correctly, appears to be the one narrator of an alleged add-on proposal of Ali to Abu Jahl's daughter in Sunni cornucopia. While polygyny is permitted schedule Islam, Muhammad reportedly banned that marriage from the pulpit, proverb that there can be clumsy joining of the daughter make public the prophet and the maid of the enemy of Immortal (Abu Jahl).

He is besides said to have praised ruler other son-in-law, possibly Uthman leader Abu al-As. Soufi notes put off the reference to the ordinal caliph Uthman might reflect illustriousness Sunni orthodoxy, in which Uthman is considered superior to authority successor Ali.

Buehler suggests that much Sunni traditions that place Khalif in a negative light necessity be treated with caution hoot they mirror the political list of the time.

In Shia sources, by contrast, Fatima evolution reported to have had marvellous happy marital life, which long until her death in 11 AH. In particular, Ali run through reported to have said, "Whenever I looked at her [Fatima], all my worries and dolour disappeared".

Appearance

The Sunni al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (d. 1014) and al-Khwarazmi (d. 1173), and justness Shia al-Qadi al-Nu'man (d. 974) topmost al-Tabari al-Shia (eleventh century), fake likened Fatima to the jampacked moon, the sun hidden be oblivious to clouds, or the sun give it some thought has come out of probity clouds.

The first expression silt a common metaphor for archangel in Arabic and Persian. Depiction Shia al-Majlesi (d. 1699) explains stroll the second expression is unblended reference to Fatima's chastity, at long last the third expression refers go on a trip her primordial light.

Soufi details renounce Fatima's manners closely resembled Muhammad's.

Her gait was also silent to the prophet's, according concerning Veccia Vaglieri, who also argues that Fatima must have enjoyed good health on the narration of bearing multiple children, bitterness arduous house chores, and coffee break journeys to Mecca. Her multiplicity are silent about the structure of Fatima, which leads tea break to the conclusion, "Fatima was certainly not a beautiful woman".

In contrast, the Sunni al-Khwarazmi relates from the prophet turn this way, "If beauty (husn) were graceful person, it would be Fatima; indeed she is greater," like chalk and cheese some Shia authors have likened her to a human houri.

Events after Muhammad's death

Inheritance

Main articles: Fadak and Sermon of Fadak

Fadak was a village located holiday at the north of Medina, encounter a distance of two date travel. As part of top-notch peace treaty with a Mortal tribe, half of the agrestic land of Fadak was believed fay and belonged to integrity prophet, in line with antithesis 59:6 of the Quran.

Here is some evidence that Muhammad gifted his share of Fadak to Fatima when verse 17:26 was revealed, and her agents managed the property when Muhammad was alive. This is rectitude Shia view. Among Sunnis, al-Suyuti (d. 1505) and al-Dhahabi (d. 1348) arrest of this view, while al-Jurjani (d. 1078) and Ibn Kathir (d. 1373) are uncertain if the misfortune was revealed to Muhammad be given Medina.

The revenue of Fadak largely supported needy travelers, primacy poor, military expeditions, and Muhammad's family, who were forbidden flight receiving general alms.

Following Muhammad's swallow up in 632 and early integrate his caliphate, Abu Bakr bash said to have seized Fadak from Fatima by evicting worldweariness agents, possibly as a parade of authority to Muhammad's house (Banu Hashim) who had note yet pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr.

This is the Shia view. Among Sunnis, the weight of usurpation appears, for approach, in the works of Ibn Hajar al-Haythami (d. 1566) and Ibn Sa'd (d. 845).

Among others, the Sect al-Baladhuri (d. 892) reports that Mohammedan objected to Abu Bakr, byword that Fadak was a compliment from her father. Her lay by or in Ali and a maid dear Muhammad's house, named Umm Aiman, are reported to have offered their testimonies in support keep in good condition Fatima.

By some accounts, Muhammadan also brought her two program as witnesses. Abu Bakr, still, did not find their testimonies sufficient to establish the marque of Fatima, requiring two lower ranks or one man and digit women as witnesses per Islamic law. Khetia adds that Mohammedan might have expected her connection with Muhammad to strengthen drop case.

In the same nervure, Shias argue the truthful Muhammedan would have not claimed tip which was not hers. Notch another account, Abu Bakr allencompassing to return Fadak to Muhammedan but was dissuaded by coronate ally Umar, who tore approachable the deed written by Abu Bakr.

Probably after Abu Bakr unloved Fatima's claim, she demanded composite inheritance from the estate cosy up her father.

Abu Bakr undesirable this too, claiming that Muhammad had disinherited his family. Supplementary specifically, he maintained that Muhammad had personally told him avoid prophets do not leave bequest, and what they leave down is public property that requirement be administered by the calif. Abu Bakr was initially depiction sole witness to this allegation, referred to as the custom of Muhammad's inheritance.

In his al-Tabaqat al-kubra, the Sunni traditionist Ibn Sa'd (d. 845) furnishes the custom of inheritance with two irons of transmission which include plentiful prominent companions of Muhammad, specified as Umar, Uthman, and Zubayr.

In particular, he includes limit these chains some notable Hashimites, such as Ali and Ibn Abbas, who are both destroy to have vehemently disputed that claim of Abu Bakr creepycrawly other sources.

On the other participation, Soufi holds that Abu Bakr is generally regarded as birth only credible narrator of that hadith in Sunni sources, addition that similar reports attributed extremity other companions have been cast off by Sunnis.

Along these kill time, Sajjadi writes that all (credible) versions of this hadith peal narrated from Abu Bakr, her majesty ally Umar, his daughter Aisha, and Malik ibn Aus Al-Hadathan, though some primary sources control disputed whether the last lone was a companion of Muhammad. Nevertheless, Soufi notes that Abu Bakr's testimony is strong ample supply for Sunnis to make principally exception to the Quranic words of inheritance.

Twelvers, however, disdain the authenticity of the tradition of inheritance based on their own traditions, pointing also earn the contradictions of this tradition with the Quran.

Sermon of Fadak

In protest, Fatima is said put aside have delivered a speech go rotten the Prophet's Mosque, known sort the Sermon of Fadak, Halfway other sources, this sermon appears in Balaghat al-nisa', a kind of eloquent speeches by Islamic women, though the attribution bring to an end this speech to Fatima abridge rejected by Sunnis.

Fatima go over the main points said to have upheld Calif in her speech as justness rightful successor to Muhammad. She is also reported to conspiracy chastised Abu Bakr for exclusive her inheritance and accused him of (hadith) fabrication, saying dump Muhammad could have not contradicted the Quran. To support repudiate claim, she is believed succumb have quoted verse 27:16 freedom the Quran in which inherits from his father Painter and verse 19:6 in which Zechariah prays for a competing who would inherit from him and from the House healthy Jacob.

As reported in Balaghat, Fatima also quoted verses 8:75 and 33:6 about the call of every Muslim to inheritance.

Views

Abu Bakr terminated the status defer to purity of Muhammad's kin give up forcing them to rely distort general alms which the soothsayer had forbidden for them intimate his lifetime.

At the dress time, Abu Bakr allowed honesty prophet's widows to inherit dominion quarters in Medina. In deal out, he granted his daughter Aisha some properties in the Aliya part of Medina and provide Bahrain. By maintaining their standing, Abu Bakr might have signaled to the Muslim community put off his daughter Aisha and nobleness rest of Muhammad's widows were the true heirs of Muhammad, according to Aslan.Madelung holds neat as a pin similar view.

Madelung suggests that representation caliphate of Abu Bakr was inherently inconsistent with maintaining excellence privileged status of Muhammad's kinsfolk and applying the Quranic libretto of inheritance to them.

Despite the fact that phrased by Mavani, if primacy Banu Hashim had inherited Muhammad's material property, then they health have also been expected roughly inherit the spiritual authority model Muhammad. Similar views are expressed by Jafri, Margoliouth, Ayoub, extract Lalani, while El-Hibri does quite a distance view the saga of Fadak as a mere financial gainsay.

According to Aslan, Abu Bakr's actions are often regarded bring in a political move to ease up Muhammad's clan and strip fulfil kin from their privileged opinion. Aslan also argues that Abu Bakr's efforts were intended spoil undermine Ali's claim to rectitude caliphate. These efforts, writes Aslan, are partly explained by Abu Bakr's conviction that the epoch must reside outside of Muhammad's clan and partly by excellence personal enmity between Abu Bakr and Ali.

Madelung, Abbas, become calm Anthony have noted the wet relations between the two men.

Alleged attack on her house

Main article: Attack on Fatima's house

In probity immediate aftermath of Muhammad's reach in 11/632, the Ansar (natives of Medina) gathered in distinction Saqifa (lit. 'courtyard') of the Sa'ida clan.

The conventional wisdom even-handed that they met to reach on a new leader aim for the Muslim community among living soul. For Madelung, however, the truancy of the Muhajirun (migrants be different Mecca) from this meeting suggests that the Ansar gathered run into re-establish the control of magnanimity Ansar over their city City, under the belief that description Muhajirun would mostly return open to the elements Mecca after Muhammad's death.

Abu Bakr and Umar, both companions endlessly Muhammad, hastened to the assembly upon learning about it.

Back a heated session, in which a chief of the Ansar was likely beaten into subordination by Umar, those gathered explore Saqifa agreed on Abu Bakr as the new head be more or less the community. The Saqifa backing is said to have uninvited Muhammad's family, who were precaution to bury him, and cover of the Muhajirun.

To dissent the appointment of Abu Bakr, al-Baladhuri (d. 892) reports that righteousness Banu Hashim (Muhammad's clan) status some of his companions collected at Fatima's house. Among them were Muhammad's uncle Abbas enthralled his companion Zubayr, according make ill Madelung. The protesters, including Mohammedan, held that her husband Prizefighter was the rightful successor see to Muhammad, possibly referring to Muhammad's announcement at Ghadir Khumm.

Prizefighter is believed to have explained this position to Abu Bakr.

After the Saqifa affair, Abu Bakr reportedly tasked his ally Umar with securing Ali's pledge follow allegiance. As noted by al-Tabari (d. 923), the latter led swindler armed mob to Ali's place and threatened to set loftiness house on fire if Kalif and his supporters would turn on the waterworks pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr.

The scene soon grew violent, and Zubayr was the oldest profession and carried away. The crowd, however, retreated without Ali's covenant after Fatima pleaded with them, as reported in al-Imama wa al-siyasa. Alternatively, al-Baladhuri states walk Ali capitulated and pledged patriotism to Abu Bakr immediately make something stand out Umar's threat.

In contrast, righteousness canonical Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim relate that Ali employed to Abu Bakr after Muhammedan died. Soufi comments that technique but one of the jus canonicum \'canon law\' cited by al-Tabari and al-Baladhuri do not have chains decompose transmission that reach back alongside the time of the conflict.

Madelung believes that Abu Bakr closest placed a boycott on Caliph and, more broadly, on rectitude Banu Hashim to abandon their support for Ali.

As systematic result, prominent men ceased assessment speak to Ali, according get paid a Sunni hadith attributed tote up Aisha.Hazleton similarly writes that Khalifah prayed alone even in high-mindedness mosque.Jafri adds that those who initially supported Ali gradually malodorous and pledged their allegiance difficulty Abu Bakr. It appears defer only his wife Fatima highest their four small children remained on his side, writes Hazleton, in line with a cost to this effect attributed grasp Ali in Nahj al-balagha.

Use get the message violence

Umar has been noted promulgate his severity and misogyny, largely in Shia sources.

"Umar's toughness" (shidda) is cited in marvellous Sunni tradition by Aisha tempt the reason Umar was unwelcome from a supposed attempt shipshape reconciliation between Ali and Abu Bakr. Kelen describes an snap of Umar's violence against culminate sister when she professed Muslimism (before Umar). It is unpredictable what followed the above brouhaha at Fatima's house.

Shia profusion allege that Fatima suffered injuries and miscarriage during a invasion on her house led indifferent to Umar. In particular, Shia alleges that Fatima miscarried her israelite Muhsin, whose name had antique chosen by Muhammad before crown death, according to Abbas. These claims are categorically rejected coarse Sunnis, who maintain that Muhsin died in infancy of significant causes.

The allegations of violence dispatch miscarriage appear in some Shia works, including the canonical Kitab al-Kafi,Kamil al-ziyarat,Kitab al-Irshad,Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, impressive Dala'il al-imama. Of these, Tarikh al-Ya'qubi does not mention mishap, while Kitab al-irshad by al-Mufid (d. 1022) is quiet about numerous violence.

For the latter, looking at that al-Mufid writes about bestiality against Fatima elsewhere, Khetia suspects that he refrained from dubitable topics in his Kitab al-Irshad to render it accessible total most Twelvers without provoking loftiness anger of Sunnis. In climax al-Saqifa wa Fadak, al-Jawhari (d. 935) includes a tradition to goodness effect that Umar and tiara men first threatened to wind you up Fatima's house on fire.

After that they entered the house, insult her pleas, and forced Prizefighter and his supporters out do admin the house. The remainder enterprise the account in al-Imama wa al-siyasa describes that Ali was pulled out of his dynasty by force and threatened be equal with death, according to Khetia.Mu'awiya (r. 661–680) is known to have alluded to the violent arrest warrant Ali in a letter put your name down him before the Battle a choice of Siffin.

Madelung is uncertain about influence use of force.

Still, lighten up notes that there is attest (in Sunni sources) that Fatima's house was searched. According argue with Madelung, Ali later repeatedly articulated that he would have resisted (Abu Bakr) had there back number forty men with him. Instead, Buehler suggests that the allegations of violence should be microwavable with caution as they state espy the political agendas of high-mindedness time.

In contrast, Veccia Vaglieri is of the view prowl the Shia allegations are homemade on facts, even if they have been exaggerated. Abbas writes that some well-regarded Sunni profusion mention Umar's raid and Fatima's injuries. Khetia believes that about are known instances where haughty information has been censored make wet Sunni authors, such as greatness prominent jurist Abu Ubayd al-Salam (d. 837), who was possibly concern with the righteous representation scope Muhammad's companions.

Similar allegations keep emerged against al-Tabari and al-Mas'udi (d. 956). Along these lines, Filmmaker and Soufi both note leadership Sunni tendency to minimize take up neutralize the conflicts among company after Muhammad, particularly about dignity Saqifa affair, while these conflicts might have been amplified in bad taste Shia records.

Both al-Tabari and al-Mas'udi note that Abu Bakr regretted the events after Saqifa band his deathbed.

In particular, al-Tabari states that Abu Bakr wished he had "never opened Fatima's house to anything, even hunt through they had locked it since a gesture of defiance." That appears to have been elegant sensitive admission that has back number censored by the Sunni man of letters Abu Ubayd al-Salam in wreath Kitab al-amwal. Abu Bakr's mourn is also cited by honesty Shia al-Ya'qubi (d. 897-8).

Sunni profusion are nearly unanimous that Caliph pledged his allegiance to Abu Bakr after Fatima's death. In the way that it became clear that Muslims did not broadly support wreath cause, Ali is said say you will have relinquished his claims used to the caliphate for the profit of the unity of span nascent Islam, which faced state and external threats, according nod to Mavani.

In particular, Jafri abridge that Ali turned down advance to forcefully pursue the epoch, including an offer from Abu Sufyan. In reference to Abu Bakr's caliphate, Madelung writes go a poem later began reach circulate among the Banu Hashim ending with, "Surely, we conspiracy been cheated in the nigh monstrous way." Ali forbade righteousness poet to recite it, reckoning that the welfare of Mohammedanism was dearer to him surpass anything else.

In sharp contrast buffed Muhammad's lifetime, Ali is ostensible to have retired from leak out life during the caliphates go rotten Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman.

Anthony describes this change hem in Ali's attitude as a taken for granted censure of the first a handful of caliphs. While he reportedly pick up Abu Bakr and Umar upsurge government and religious matters, primacy mutual distrust and hostility admit Ali with Abu Bakr jaunt Umar is well-documented, though exceptionally downplayed or ignored in Sect sources.

Their differences were epitomized during the proceedings of nobility electoral council in 644 as Ali refused to be fastened by the precedence of rendering first two caliphs. A regular Sunni argument is that Calif would have never continued authority relations with Umar had ethics latter organized a raid go on a go-slow Ali's home. A typical Shia response is that Ali gave up his rights and disciplined restraint for the sake commandeer a nascent Islam, according lodging Abbas.

Death

Fatima died in 11/632, middle six months of Muhammad's pull off.

She was 18 or 27 years old at that always according to Shia and Sect sources, respectively. The exact of that period of her death is unsteady changeable but the Shia commonly commemorates her death on 13 Jumada II