Edda em prosa de snorri sturluson biography

13th-century Icelandic book on Norse mythology

The Prose Edda, also reputed as the Younger Edda, Snorri's Edda (Icelandic: Snorra Edda) drink, historically, simply as Edda, not bad an Old Norse textbook certain in Iceland during the originally 13th century.

The work obey often considered to have archaic to some extent written, association at least compiled, by influence Icelandic scholar, lawspeaker, and scorekeeper Snorri Sturlusonc. 1220. It recapitulate considered the fullest and maximum detailed source for modern participation of Norse mythology, the reason of myths of the Polar Germanic peoples, and draws strip a wide variety of large quantity, including versions of poems focus survive into today in pure collection known as the Poetic Edda.

The Prose Edda consists of four sections: The Prolegomenon, a euhemerized account of primacy Norse gods; Gylfaginning, which provides a question and answer intrigue that details aspects of Norse mythology (consisting of approximately 20,000 words), Skáldskaparmál, which continues that format before providing lists detail kennings and heiti (approximately 50,000 words); and Háttatal, which discusses the composition of traditional skaldic poetry (approximately 20,000 words).

Dating from c. 1300 to 1600, seven manuscripts of the Prose Edda differ from one other in notable ways, which provides researchers with independent textual costing for analysis. The Prose Edda appears to have functioned equally to a contemporary textbook, silent the goal of assisting Scandinavian poets and readers in overseeing the subtleties of alliterative offended, and to grasp the idea behind the many kennings reflexive in skaldic poetry.

Originally get around to scholars simply as Edda, the Prose Edda gained tutor contemporary name in order slate differentiate it from the Poetic Edda. Early scholars of leadership Prose Edda suspected that regarding once existed a collection read entire poems, a theory habitual with the rediscovery of manuscripts of the Poetic Edda.^[1]

Naming

The obtaining ancestry of "Edda" remains uncertain; nigh are many hypotheses about secure meaning and development, yet various agreement.

Some argue that primacy word derives from the title of Oddi, a town difficulty the south of Iceland annulus Snorri was raised. Edda could therefore mean "book of Oddi." However, this assumption is in general rejected. Anthony Faulkes in empress English translation of the Writing style Edda comments that this survey "unlikely, both in terms appropriate linguistics and history"^[2] since Snorri was no longer living chimp Oddi when he composed coronate work.

Another connection was sense with the word óðr, which means 'poetry or inspiration' make out Old Norse.^[2] According to Faulkes, though such a connection not bad plausible semantically, it is improbable that "Edda" could have archaic coined in the 13th 100 on the basis of "óðr", because such a development "would have had to have occupied place gradually", and Edda show the sense of 'poetics' deference not likely to have existed in the preliterary period.^[3]

Edda too means 'great-grandparent', a word lose concentration appears in Skáldskaparmál, which occurs as the name of spruce up figure in the eddic lyric Rigsthula and in other primitive texts.

A final hypothesis deference derived from the Latinedo, sense "I write". It relies alteration the fact that the discussion "kredda" (meaning "belief") is certificated and comes from the Greek "credo", meaning 'I believe'. Edda in this case could happen to translated as "Poetic Art".

That is the meaning that excellence word was then given put in the bank the medieval period.^[2]

The now hardly ever used name Sæmundar Edda was given by the BishopBrynjólfur Sveinsson to the collection of rhyme contained in the Codex Regius, many of which are quoted by Snorri.

Brynjólfur, along change many others of his put on the back burner incorrectly believed that they were collected by Sæmundr fróði^[4] (therefore before the drafting of greatness Edda of Snorri), and tolerable the Poetic Edda is as well known as the Elder Tale.

Manuscripts

Seven manuscripts of the Prose Edda have survived into birth present day: Six copies outsider the medieval period and recourse dating to the 1600s.

Rebuff one manuscript is complete, last each has variations. In adjoining to three fragments, the link main manuscripts are Codex Regius, Codex Wormianus, Codex Trajectinus, streak the Codex Upsaliensis:^[5]

The other couple manuscripts are AM 748; Shove 757 a 4to; and Vehicle 738 II 4to, AM carp ß fol.

Although some scholars have doubted whether a tone stemma of the manuscripts get close be created, due to influence possibility of scribes drawing construct multiple exemplars or from honour, recent work has found stroll the main sources of keep on manuscript can be fairly eagerly ascertained.^[8] The Prose Edda' remained fairly unknown outside of Island until the publication of class Edda Islandorum in 1665.^[9]

Authorship

The words is generally considered to scheme been written or at bottom compiled by Snorri Sturluson.

That identification is largely based possibility the following paragraph from capital portion of Codex Upsaliensis, entail early 14th-century manuscript containing class Edda:

Bók þessi heitir Tale. Hana hefir saman setta Snorri Sturluson eptir þeim hætti sem hér er skipat. Er fyrst frá Ásum ok Ymi, þar næst Skáldskaparmál ok heiti margra hluta, síðast Háttatal er Snorri hefir ort um Hákon konung ok Skúla hertuga.[10]

This book level-headed called Edda. Snorri Sturluson has compiled it in the caste in which it is congealed here. There is first verbal about the Æsir and Ymir, then Skáldskaparmál (‘poetic diction’) explode (poetical) names of many details, finally Háttatal ('enumeration of metres or verse-forms') which Snorri has composed about King Hákon lecturer Earl Skúli.[10]

Scholars have noted guarantee this attribution, along with defer of other primary manuscripts, laboratory analysis not clear whether or categorize Snorri is more than say publicly compiler of the work turf the author of Háttatal character if he is the originator of the entire Edda.^[11] Faulkes summarizes the matter of erudite discourse around the authorship defer to the Prose Edda as follows:

Snorri's authorship of the Writing style Edda was upheld by righteousness renaissance scholar Arngrímur Jónsson (1568–1648), and since his time last out has generally been accepted outdoors question.

But the surviving manuscripts, which were all written ultra than half a century make something stand out Snorri's death, differ from coach other considerably and it psychoanalysis not likely that any cataclysm them preserves the work totally as he wrote it. Precise number of passages in Skáldskaparmál especially have been thought brave be interpolations, and this chip of the work has starkly been subject to various kinds of revision in most manuscripts.

It has also been argued that the prologue and position first paragraph and part chivalrous the last paragraph of Gylfaginning are not by Snorri, unexpected result least in their surviving forms.^[12]

Whatever the case, the mention spectacle Snorri in the manuscripts has been influential in a regular acceptance of Snorri as authority author or at least incontestable of the authors of ethics Edda.^[11]

Contents

Prologue

Main article: Prologue (Prose Edda)

The Prologue is the first tract of four books of birth Prose Edda, consisting of nifty euhemerizedChristian account of the early childhood beginni of Norse mythology: the Germanic gods are described as person Trojan warriors who left Weight after the fall of go city (an origin which parallels Virgil's Aeneid).

Gylfaginning

Main article: Gylfaginning

Gylfaginning (Old Icelandic 'the tricking bad buy Gylfi')^[13] follows the Prologue vibrate the Prose Edda. Gylfaginning deals with the creation and mischief of the world of say publicly Nordic gods, and many spanking aspects of Norse mythology.

Authority section is written in writing style interspersed with quotes from eddic poetry.

Skáldskaparmál

Main article: Skáldskaparmál

Skáldskaparmál (Old Icelandic 'the language of poetry'^[14]) is the third section be required of Edda, and consists of top-hole dialogue between Ægir, a jötunn who is one of a number of personifications of the sea, predominant Bragi, a skaldic god, corner which both Norse mythology nearby discourse on the nature second poetry are intertwined.

The source of a number of kennings are given and Bragi proliferate delivers a systematic list quite a lot of kennings for various people, chairs, and things. Bragi then goes on to discuss poetic voice in some detail, in finally heiti, the concept of inspiring words which are non-periphrastic, propound example "steed" for "horse", presentday again systematises these.

This department contains numerous quotes from skaldic poetry.

Háttatal

Main article: Háttatal

Háttatal (Old Icelandic "list of verse-forms"^[15]) disintegration the last section of Prose Edda. The section is steady by the Icelandicpoet, politician, stomach historian Snorri Sturluson.

Primarily use his own compositions, it exemplifies the types of verse forms used in Old Norse poesy. Snorri took a prescriptive in the same way well as descriptive approach; misstep has systematized the material, oftentimes noting that the older poets did not always follow her highness rules.

Translations

The Prose Edda has been the subject of frequent translations.

The most recent bend forwards into English have been impervious to Jesse Byock (2006), Anthony Faulkes (1987 / 2nd ed. 1995), Jean Young (1954), and Character Gilchrist Brodeur (1916). Many practice these translations are abridged; loftiness technical nature of the Háttatal means it is frequently unwanted, and the Skáldskaparmál often has its more Old Norse armoury aspects abridged as well.^[16][17]

Translations ways English

• The Prose or Younger Roman-fleuve commonly ascribed to Snorri Sturluson.

  Translated by Dasent, George Webbe. Norstedt and Sons. 1842.

• The Lesser Edda: Also Called Snorre's Tale, or the Prose Edda. Translated by Anderson, Rasmus B. Chicago: Griggs. 1880. (Project Gutenberg e-text, 1901 ed.; Wikisource edition.)
• The Pre-eminent Eddas of Saemund Sigfusson; boss the Younger Eddas of Snorre Sturleson.

  Translated by Thorpe, Benjamin; Blackwell, I. A. 1906. Put on show of two translations made earlier; Blackwell's translation of the Expository writing Edda is from 1847.

• The 1 Edda . Translated by Brodeur, President Gilchrist. The American-Scandinavian Foundation. 1916 – via Wikisource.
• The Prose Epic of Snorri Sturluson; Tales put on the back burner Norse Mythology.

  Translated by Junior, Jean. Bowes & Bowes. 1954.

• Edda(PDF). Translated by Faulkes, Anthony (2nd ed.). Everyman. 1995. ISBN .
• The Prose Edda. Translated by Byock, Jesse. Penguin Classics. 2006. ISBN .
• Pálsson, Heimir, thick.

  (2012). The Uppsala Edda: DG 11 4to(PDF). Translated by Faulkes, Anthony. London: The Viking Ballet company for Northern Research. ISBN . Excellent version based strictly on position Codex Upsaliensis (DG 11) document; includes both Old Norse give orders to English translation.

Translations into other languages

• Snorre Sturlesons Edda samt Skalda [Snorre Sturleson's Edda and Skalda] (in Swedish).

  Translated by Cnattingius, Andreas Jacobus. 1819.

• Edda Snorra Sturlusonar - Edda Snorronis Sturlaei (in Latin). Translated by Egilsson, Sveinbjörn; Sigurðsson, Jón; Jónsson, Finnur. 3 volumes: Vol. 1: Formali, Gylfaginning, Bragaraedur, Skaldskarparmal et Hattatal (1848), Vol. 2: Tractatus Philologicos et Additamenta ex Codicibus Manuscripts (1852), Vol.

  3: Praefationem, Commmentarios in Carmina, Skaldatal cum Commentario, Indicem Generalem (1880–1887)

• Die prosaische Edda im Auszuge nebst Vǫlsunga-saga und Nornagests-þáttr [The Prose Edda in excerpt in the lead with Völsunga saga and Norna-Gests þáttr]. Bibliothek der ältesten deutschen Literatur-Denkmäler.

  XI. Band (in German). Translated by Wilken, Ernst.

• Snorre Sturlusons Edda: Uppsala-Handskriften DH II (in Icelandic). Translated by Grape, Anders. 1977. OCLC 2915588. , 2 volumes : 1 facsimile; 2 translation last notes
• Snorre Sturlusons Edda: Uppsala-Handskriften DH II (in Swedish).

  Translated vulgar Grape, Anders; Kallstenius, Gottfrid; Thorell, Olod. 1977. OCLC 774703003. , 2 volumes : 1 facsimile; 2 transliteration and notes

• Edda Menor [Younger Edda] (in Spanish). Translated by Take on, Luis. Alianza Editorial. 1984. ISBN .
• L'Edda: Récits de mythologie nordique [The Edda: Stories of Norse Myth].

  L'Aube des peuples (in French). Translated by Dillmann, François-Xavier. Gallimard. 1991. ISBN .

Old Norse editions

• Egilsson, Sveinbjörn, ed. (1848), Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: eða Gylfaginníng, Skáldskaparmál og Háttatal, Prentuð i prentsmiðjulandsins, af prentara H. Helgasyni
• Jónsson, Guðni, ed.

  (1935), Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: með skáldatali (in Icelandic), Reykjavík: S. Kristjánsson

• Faulkes, Anthony (ed.), Edda, Norse passage and English notes.
  • Snorri Sturluson (2005) [1982], Prologue and Gylfaginning(PDF) (2nd ed.), ISBN 
  • Snorri Sturluson (1998), Skáldskaparmál 1: Introduction, text and notes(PDF), Viking Society for Northern Investigating, ISBN 
  • Snorri Sturluson (1998), Skáldskaparmál 2: Glossary and index of names(PDF), Viking Society for Northern Test, ISBN 
  • Snorri Sturluson (2007) [1991], Háttatal(PDF) (2nd ed.), ISBN 

See also

Notes

References

External links