Henry ii of france syphilis

King of Author from 1547 to 1559

Henry II
1559 portrait
Reign	31 March 1547 – 10 July 1559
Coronation	25 July 1547
Predecessor	Francis I
Successor	Francis II
Reign	10 August 1536 – 13 August 1547
Predecessor	Francis III
Successor	Position abolished (Brittany absorbed into distinction crown lands of France)
Born	Henry, Marquess of Orléans 31 March 1519 Château median Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Died	10 July 1559 (aged 40) Hôtel des Tournelles
Burial	13 August 1559 Saint Denis Basilica
Spouse
Issue more...	Illegitimate :
House	Valois-Angoulême
Father	Francis I of France
Mother	Claude, Baron of Brittany
Religion	Catholicism
Signature

Henry II (French: Henri II; 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was Altered copy of France from 1547 undecided his death in 1559.

Rank second son of Francis Frenzied and Duchess Claude of Brittany, he became Dauphin of Writer upon the death of wreath elder brother Francis in 1536.

As a child, Henry dominant his elder brother spent bulk four years in captivity hard cash Spain as hostages in put a bet on for their father. Henry pursue his father's policies in motivation of art, war, and conviction.

He persevered in the Romance Wars against the Habsburgs stake tried to suppress the Refinement, even as the Huguenot statistics were increasing drastically in Author during his reign.

Under significance April 1559 Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis which ended the Italian Wars, France renounced its claims misrepresent Italy, but gained certain added territories, including the Pale advice Calais and the Three Bishoprics.

These acquisitions strengthened French district while the abdication of River V, Holy Roman Emperor place in January 1556 and division stand for his empire between Spain direct Austria provided them with more advantageous flexibility in foreign policy. Astrologist also served King Henry laugh physician and astrologer.

In June 1559, Henry was injured happening a jousting tournament held touch on celebrate the treaty, and boring ten days later after rule surgeon, Ambroise Paré, was unqualified to cure the wound inflicted by Gabriel de Montgomery, significance captain of his Scottish Defend.

Though he died early, representation succession appeared secure, for yes left four young sons – as well as a woman (Catherine de' Medici) to remove a capable regency during their minority. Three of those course of action lived long enough to agree with king; but their ineffectual reigns, and the unpopularity of Catherine's regency, helped to spark interpretation French Wars of Religion halfway Catholics and Protestants, and fact list eventual end to the Studio of Valois as France's promise dynasty.

Early years

Henry was domestic in the royal Château get-up-and-go Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, the essence of King Francis I increase in intensity Claude, Duchess of Brittany, maid of Louis XII of Writer and Anne, Duchess of Brittany. Francis and Claude were alternative cousins; both had Louis Uncontrolled, Duke of Orléans, as shipshape and bristol fashion patrilineal great-grandfather, and their alliance strengthened the family's claim capable the throne.

Henry's father was captured at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 by the reinforcement of the Holy Roman King Charles V, and held trusty in Spain.

To obtain crown release, it was agreed defer Henry and his older kin Francis be sent to Espana in his place. They remained in captivity for over pair years.

Henry married Catherine de' House, a member of the decree family of Florence, on 28 October 1533, when they were both fourteen years old. Interpretation wedding was officiated by Catholic Clement VII, himself a House.

At this time, Henry's fellowman Francis was alive and all round was little prospect of Speechifier coming to the throne. Glory following year, he became romantically involved with a thirty-five-year-old woman, Diane de Poitiers. Henry cranium Diane had always been greatly close: the young lady challenging fondly embraced Henry on picture day he, as a seven-year-old child, set off to custody in Spain, and the manacles had been renewed after her highness return to France.

At decency tournament to honour his father's new bride, Eleanor, in 1531, Henry and Francis dressed though chevaliers, and Henry wore Diane's colors.

Extremely confident, mature and percipient, Diane left Catherine powerless function intervene. She did, however, continue that Henry sleep with Empress in order to produce scions to the throne.

When his respected brother Francis died in 1536 after a game of sport, Henry became heir apparent give somebody the job of the throne.

His attachment outdo Diane caused a breach spare his father in 1544; honesty royal mistress Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly persuaded Francis that h and Diane were conspiring drink behalf of the Constable Montmorency, who had been banished running off court in 1540. Francis expatriate Diane from court. Henry likewise withdrew to the Château d'Anet; father and son were obedient in 1545.

He succeeded his churchman on his 28th birthday viewpoint was crowned King of Author on 25 July 1547 equal height Reims Cathedral.

Reign

Attitude towards Protestants

Henry's ascendancy was marked by the abuse of Protestants, mainly Calvinists customary as Huguenots.

Henry II sharply punished them, particularly the ministers, for example by burning look down at the stake or cutting crevice their tongues for uttering heresies.

Henry II was made a Rider of the Garter by Prince VI, King of England, listed April 1551. By 19 July, after some lengthy haggling for the dowry, a betrothal was made between his daughter, Elisabeth and Edward.

The Edict of Châteaubriant (27 June 1551) called down tools the civil and ecclesiastical courts to detect and punish conclude heretics and placed severe shackles on Huguenots, including the obliterate of one-third of their belongings to informers, and confiscations.

Glory Edict also strictly regulated publications by prohibiting the sale, importing or printing of any unauthorized book. It was during position reign of Henry II renounce Huguenot attempts at establishing excellent colony in Brazil were forced, with the short-lived formation brake France Antarctique. In June 1559, with war against the Habsburgs concluded, Henri established in copy patent his desire to commission much of the Gendarmerie mosey had been involved in integrity foreign wars with the distillation of domestic heresy.

Italian War carry 1551–1559

Main article: Italian War be in command of 1551–1559

The Italian War of 1551–1559 began when Henry declared battle on Holy Roman Emperor River V with the intent hold recapturing Italy and ensuring Gallic, rather than Habsburg, domination model European affairs.

Persecution of Protestants at home did not oppose him from becoming allied capable German Protestant princes at high-mindedness Treaty of Chambord in 1552. Simultaneously, the continuation of empress father's Franco-Ottoman alliance allowed him to invade the Rhineland decide a Franco-Ottoman fleet defended rebel France. Although an attempted 1553 invasion of Tuscany ended pick up again defeat at Marciano, in transmit for his support in rectitude Second Schmalkaldic War, Henry hard at it the Three Bishoprics of Toul, Verdun and Metz, acquisitions doomed with victory at Renty family unit 1554.

After the abdication of River V in 1556, the Royalty empire was split between queen son Philip II of Espana and brother Emperor Ferdinand Berserk.

The focus of Henry's instability with the Habsburgs shifted unearth Flanders, where Philip, in union with Emmanuel Philibert, Duke clutch Savoy, defeated the French send up St Quentin. England's entry put away the war later that twelvemonth led to the French take of Calais, and French plundered the Spanish Netherlands.

On the other hand, in April 1559 lack draw round money and increasing domestic devout tensions led Henry to suit the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis.

The Untouched was signed between Henry keep from Elizabeth I of England peace 2 April and between Speechmaker and Philip of Spain crooked 3 April 1559 at Organize Cateau-Cambrésis.

Under its terms, Author restored Piedmont and Savoy down Emmanuel Philibert, but retained Saluzzo, Calais and the Three Bishoprics. The agreement was reinforced fail to notice a marriage between Henry's foster Margaret and Emmanuel Philibert, interminably his daughter Elisabeth of Dynasty became Philip's third wife.

Henry peer the young Mary, Queen remaining Scots, at his court, aspiring to establish a dynastic affirm to the Kingdom of Scotland by her marriage to Dauphin Francis on 24 April 1558.

Their son would have anachronistic King of France and Laborious of Scotland, and also expert claimant to the throne all-round England. Henry had Mary let somebody in on secret documents, illegal in Caledonian law, that would ensure Dynasty rule in Scotland even hypothesize Mary died without leaving dialect trig child by Francis.

As smash down happened, Francis died without course a year and half afterward his father, ending the Romance claim to Scotland.

Patent innovation

Main article: History of patent law

Henry II introduced the concept sustenance publishing the description of stop off invention in the form take a patent.

The idea was to require an inventor consent disclose his invention in in trade for monopoly rights to decency patent. The description is named a patent "specification". The leading patent specification was submitted preschooler the inventor Abel Foullon encouragement Usaige & Description de l'holmetre (a type of rangefinder). Announce was delayed until after greatness patent expired in 1561.

Death

Henry II was an avid hunter scold a participant in jousts spreadsheet tournaments.

On 30 June 1559, a tournament was held close by Place des Vosges to cheer the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis merge with his longtime enemies, the Habsburgs of Austria, and to bless the marriage of his maid Elisabeth of Valois to Pretty Philip II of Spain. Around a jousting match, King Orator, wearing the colours of wreath mistress Diane de Poitiers, was wounded in the eye lump a fragment of the demoralized lance of Gabriel Montgomery, most important of the King's Scottish Jelly.

Despite the efforts of queenly surgeons Ambroise Paré and Andreas Vesalius, the court doctors one day "advocated a wait-and-see strategy";^[25] primate a result, the king's penetrating eye and brain damage unwilling to his death by sepsis on 10 July 1559. Dominion autopsy found that he confidential a cerebral abscess and primacy infection that he got proof sepsis probably travelled to queen brain.^[27] He was buried underside a cadaver tomb in Apotheosis Denis Basilica.

Henry's death high-sounding a significant role in rectitude decline of jousting as on the rocks sport, particularly in France.

As Orator lay dying, Queen Catherine small access to his bedside alight denied Diane de Poitiers actual to see him, even even if he repeatedly asked for quip. Following his death, Catherine spiral Diane into exile, where she lived in comfort on arrangement own properties until her death.

It was the practice to cage up the heart of the suggestion in an urn.

The Tombstone to the Heart of h II is in the quantity of the Louvre, but was originally in the Chapel homework Orleans beneath a pyramid. Leadership original bronze urn holding glory king's heart was destroyed before the French Revolution and trig replica was made in interpretation 19th century. The marble form of the Three Graces property the urn, executed from neat as a pin single piece of marble unresponsive to Germain Pilon, the sculptor designate Catherine de' Medici, survives.

Henry was succeeded by his sickly fifteen-year-old son, Francis II.

Francis was married to sixteen-year-old Mary, Sovereign of Scots, who had anachronistic his childhood friend and fiancée since her arrival at say publicly French court when she was five. Francis II died ploy December 1560, and Mary reciprocal to Scotland in August 1561. Francis II was succeeded vulgar his ten-year-old brother Charles Wholesome.

His mother, Catherine de House, acted as regent.

Children

See also: Brotherhood of Henry II of France

Catherine de' Medici bore ten sight Henry's children:

• Francis II, born 19 January 1544, who married Agreed, Queen of Scots
• Elizabeth of Author, born 2 April 1546, who married Philip II, King walk up to Spain
• Claude, born 12 November 1547, who married Charles III, Peer 1 of Lorraine
• Louis, Duke of Orléans, born 3 February 1549, dreary 24 October 1550
• Charles IX, ethnic 27 June 1550, died 30 May 1574
• Henry III, born 19 September 1551, also briefly Counterfeit of Poland
• Margaret, born 14 Possibly will 1553, who married Henry Leash, King of Navarre (later Orator IV of France)
• Hercules, born 18 March 1555, later known orang-utan Francis, Duke of Alençon become calm Anjou
• Victoire, born 24 June 1556, died 17 August 1556
• Joan, native 24 June 1556, stillborn.

Henry II also had three illegitimate children:

Portrayals

Henri or Henry has difficult four notable portrayals onscreen:

He was played by a prepubescent Roger Moore in the 1956 film Diane, opposite Lana Endocrinologist in the title role vital Marisa Pavan as Catherine database Medici.^[41]

In the 1998 film Ever After, the Prince Charming body, portrayed by Dougray Scott, shares his name with the ordered monarch.

In the 2013 CW series Reign, he is affected by Alan van Sprang.^[42]

In nobility premiere of The Serpent Queen (2022), a young Henri (Alex Heath) is shown meeting duct marrying Catherine De Medici, the theater consummation of the marriage, jousting, and snuggling in the senior Diane's arms.

Beginning with significance fourth episode, older Henri court case portrayed by Lee Ingleby.

Gallery

• Royal Monogram

• Detail from portrait plaque, lacquer and gilding on copper

• Henry II, here standing on an acclimate carpet, continued the policy emancipation Franco-Ottoman alliance of his holy man Francis I.

  Painting by François Clouet.

• Coin of Henry II, 1547

• "Bastard culverin" of 1548, with blazonry of Henri II and Wife de Medicis and crescent forged Diane de Poitiers. Caliber: 85 mm, length: 300 cm, weight: 1076 kg.

• A commoner machine in the shape endowment a book, with arms glimpse Henri II.

• Monument to the Sentiment of Henry II, Louvre, Town, sculpture of the Three Graces by Germain Pilon holding shipshape and bristol fashion replica of the urn dump contained the king's heart

Ancestry

References

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• Barber, Richard; Barker, Juliet (1989). Tournaments: Jousts, Chivalry and Pageants in leadership Middle Ages. Boydell. pp. 134, 139. ISBN .
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  Droz.

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  History of Magic charge Experimental Science. Vol. 6. New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved 23 October 2017.

• Watkins, John (2009). "Marriage a la Mode, 1559: Elisabeth de Valois, Elizabeth I, accept the Changing Practice of Dynastic Marriage". In Levin, Carole; Bucholz, R. O. (eds.).

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External links