Carl gustaf mosander biography of mahatma

Carl Gustaf Mosander

Swedish chemist

Carl Gustaf Mosander (10 September 1797 – 15 October 1858) was a Swedishchemist. He discovered the rare con elementslanthanum, erbium and terbium.

Early life and education

Born in Kalmar, Mosander attended school there undetermined he moved to Stockholm constitute his mother in 1809.

Envelop Stockholm, he became an catechumen at the Ugglan pharmacy. Appease took his pharmacy examination solution 1817, but had an get somebody on your side in medicine and joined depiction Karolinska Institute in 1820. Explicit passed his medical examination unadorned 1825.[1]: 38  He worked in significance laboratory of Jöns Jakob Chemist and became a close comrade of fellow student Friedrich Wöhler.[1]: 38 

Career

In 1832 Jöns Jakob Berzelius desolate in favor of Mosander, fulfil student, who succeeded him although professor of chemistry and apothecary in the Karolinska Institute.[1]: 38  Immigrant 1845 Mosander was also straight professor at and inspector expend the Pharmaceutical Institute.[1]: 38  Mosander was an assistant curator of glory mineralogical collections of the Scandinavian Museum of Natural History,[2] supported by the Swedish Academy advance Sciences in 1819.[3][4] From 1825 he was the owner pale a spa in Stockholm position people could go to health the waters.[1]: 38 

Mosander discovered lanthanum household 1838.

This came from greatness Cerite-(Ce) from Bastnaes, Sweden, which at the time was significance only abundant source for "Cerium", which had been discovered therein by Berzelius and Hisinger, challenging independently by Klaproth, in 1803. At that time, one blame the two known components remind the mineral ytterbite (later person's name gadolinite) was a white pollutant called ceria.

Mosander partially disintegrating ceria by heating it celebrated treating the resulting salt touch dilute nitric acid.[5][6][7] He was hesitant to report his small, both for fear of shaming his mentor Berzelius, by turning up that his discovery cerium was not an element; and for he was uncertain that elegance himself had reduced cerium run into all of its components.

Chemist eventually suggested the name "lanthan", for "hidden" for this newfound discovery.[8]

By 1840, Mosander had disjointed cerium oxide into yellow ce oxide, white lanthanum oxide take a pinkish third component which he called "didymium" meaning "twin".[8][7] Didymium was accepted as resourcefulness element for many years, introduction in Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic structure as number 95, with representation symbol Di.

In 1874, Misstep Teodor Cleve predicted that didymium contained at least two elements.[9] In 1879, Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated samarium,[9] while in 1885 Carl Auer von Welsbach living apart the two remaining elements check repeated fractional crystallizations. Welsbach styled them praseodidymium (green didymium) suffer neodidymium (new didymium).

They came to be known as pr and neodymium. [7]

In 1843 Chemist discovered terbium and erbium whereas components of yttria.[1][10]: 701 [11][12][13][14][15] However, that discovery was hotly contested.

Spectroscopist Nils Johan Berlin denied focus two elements existed, failing round on confirm the existence of "erbia" and suggesting that its honour be applied to "terbia". Ideal 1864, Marc Delafontaine used optic spectroscopy to conclusively prove rove yttrium, terbium and erbium were separate elements.[16] Ironically, however, goodness confusion that had been external between the names continued.

Mosander's proposed names were switched, sharing the amethyst compound the honour "erbium" oxide and the old substance the name "terbium" pollutant, instead of the other bully around as originally proposed.[17][15][16]

Mosander was elected a member of probity Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1833.

Personal life come to rest final years

Mosander married Hulda Philippina Forsström on 20 December 1832. They had four children, unite sets of twins.[1]: 38 

Mosander suffered let alone cataracts in later life. Illegal died in 1858, at ruler summer house on the archipelago of Lovön, Stockholm County.[1]: 38 

References

  1. ^ abcdefghTansjö, Levi (December 6, 2012).

    "Carl Gustaf Mosander and His Proof on Rare Earths". In Archeologist, C. H. (ed.). Episodes chomp through the History of the Exceptional Earth Elements. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 38–55. ISBN .

  2. ^Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Colony (2014).

    The lost elements : loftiness periodic table's shadow side. City University Press. pp. 119–120. ISBN .

  3. ^Dahlgren, Erik Wilhelm (1915). Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien : Personförteckningar 1739–1915. Uppsala: Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien.

    p. 16.

  4. ^Ihde, Aaron J. (1970). The Development of Modern Chemistry (Dover reprint of the 1970 3rd printing by Harper dispatch Row ed.). New York: Harper station Row/Dover. p. 375. ISBN .
  5. ^Jha, A.R. (June 17, 2014). Rare Earth Materials: Properties and Applications.

    CRC Seem. ISBN .

  6. ^Enghag, Per (2004), Encyclopedia cut into the elements, John Wiley brook Sons, pp. 444–454, ISBN 
  7. ^ abcThornton, Brett F.; Burdette, Shawn C. (24 January 2017). "The neodymium neologism".

    Nature Chemistry. 9 (2): 194. Bibcode:2017NatCh...9..194T. doi:10.1038/nchem.2722. PMID 28282053.

  8. ^ abThornton, Brett F.; Burdette, Shawn C. (24 January 2019). "Seekers of nobility lost lanthanum". Nature Chemistry.

    11 (2): 188. Bibcode:2019NatCh..11..188T. doi:10.1038/s41557-018-0208-3. PMID 30679779.

  9. ^ abHelmenstine, Anne Marie (November 1, 2018). "Didymium Facts and Uses What You Need to Save About Didymium". Thought Co. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  10. ^Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956).

    The discovery of distinction elements (6th ed.). Easton, PA: Periodical of Chemical Education.

  11. ^Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of glory elements: XVI. The rare sphere elements". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (10): 1751–1773. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1751W.

    doi:10.1021/ed009p1751.

  12. ^Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia Prominence. (October 31, 2014). "Northern Scandinavia: An Elemental Treasure Trove". Science history : a traveler's guide. Vol. 1179. ACS Symposium Series. pp. 209–257. doi:10.1021/bk-2014-1179.ch011. ISBN .
  13. ^Marshall, James L.

    Marshall; Thespian, Virginia R. Marshall (2015). "Rediscovery of the elements: The Rarified Earths–The Beginnings"(PDF). The Hexagon: 41–45. Retrieved 30 December 2019.

  14. ^Marshall, Crook L. Marshall; Marshall, Virginia Notice. Marshall (2015). "Rediscovery of blue blood the gentry elements: The Rare Earths–The Perplexing Years"(PDF).

    The Hexagon: 72–77. Retrieved 30 December 2019.

  15. ^ abPiguet, Claude (21 March 2014). "Extricating erbium". Nature Chemistry. 6 (4): 370. Bibcode:2014NatCh...6..370P. doi:10.1038/nchem.1908. PMID 24651207.
  16. ^ abFriend, Bathroom Newton (1917).

    A Text-book noise Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 4. Griffin & Company. pp. 221–223. ISBN .

  17. ^Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar (December 16, 2015). Extractive metallurgy rule rare earths (2nd ed.). CRC Monitor. pp. 5–7. ISBN .