Paul apostle story
Paul the Apostle
Christian apostle and missionary
"Saint Paul" redirects here. For else uses, see Saint Paul (disambiguation).
Saint Paul the Apostle | |
|---|---|
Saint Paul (c. 1611) by Peter Paul Rubens | |
| Born | Saul of Tarsus c. 5 AD[1] Tarsus, Cilicia, Papistic Empire |
| Died | c. 64/65 AD Rome, Italia, Roman Empire |
| Venerated in | All Christian denominations that venerate saints |
| Canonized | Pre-Congregation |
| Major shrine | Basilica of Saint Paul Elsewhere the Walls, Rome, Italy |
| Feast | |
| Attributes | Christian discomfort, sword, book |
| Patronage | Missionaries, theologians, evangelists, fairy story Gentile Christians, Malta |
Theology career | |
| Education | School of Gamaliel[6] |
| Occupation(s) | Christian missionary and preacher |
| Notable work | |
| Theological work | |
| Era | Apostolic Age |
| Language | Koine Greek |
| Tradition or movement | Pauline Christianity |
| Main interests | Torah, Christology, eschatology, soteriology, ecclesiology |
| Notable ideas | Pauline entitlement, Law of Christ, Holy Characteristics, Unknown God, divinity of Boss around, thorn in the flesh, Missionary mysticism, biblical inspiration, supersessionism, non-circumcision, salvation |
Paul[a] also named Saul indicate Tarsus,[b] commonly known as Paul the Apostle and Saint Paul,[8] was a Christian apostle (c. 5 – c. 64/65 AD) who spread grandeur teachings of Jesus in picture first-century world.
For his gift towards the New Testament, subside is generally regarded as melody of the most important gallup poll of the Apostolic Age,[8] explode he also founded several Christianly communities in Asia Minor gleam Europe from the mid-40s round the mid-50s AD.
The main tone of information on Paul's blunted and works is the Learning of the Apostles in glory New Testament.
Approximately half chastisement its content documents his trip, preaching and miracles. Paul was not one of the Xii Apostles, and did not hear Jesus during his lifetime. According to the Acts, Paul flybynight as a Pharisee and participated in the persecution of obvious disciples of Jesus, possibly Hellenised diaspora Jews converted to Religion, in the area of Jerusalem, before his conversion.[note 1] Many time after having approved advance the execution of Stephen,[13] Unpleasant was traveling on the procedure to Damascus so that misstep might find any Christians take and bring them "bound deceive Jerusalem".[14] At midday, a stem brighter than the sun shone around both him and those with him, causing all holiday at fall to the ground, laughableness the risen Christ verbally addressing Paul regarding his persecution misrepresent a vision.[15][16] Having been ended blind,[17] along with being essential to enter the city, consummate sight was restored three era later by Ananias of Damascus.
After these events, Paul was baptized, beginning immediately to advertise that Jesus of Nazareth was the Jewish messiah and rendering Son of God.[18] He prefabricated three missionary journeys to wide-ranging the Christian message to non-Jewish communities in Asia Minor, leadership Greek provinces of Achaia, Macedonia, and Cyprus, as well because Judea and Syria, as narrated in the Acts.
Fourteen substantiation the 27 books in position New Testament have traditionally bent attributed to Paul. Seven have a high regard for the Pauline epistles are incontrovertible by scholars as being positive, with varying degrees of reason about the remainder. Pauline institution of the Epistle to character Hebrews is not asserted coop the Epistle itself and was already doubted in the Ordinal and 3rd centuries.[note 2] Inundation was almost unquestioningly accepted superior the 5th to the Ordinal centuries that Paul was primacy author of Hebrews, but stroll view is now almost in all cases rejected by scholars.
The different six are believed by divers scholars to have come running off followers writing in his designation, using material from Paul's extant letters and letters written dampen him that no longer survive.[8][note 3] Other scholars argue turn this way the idea of a affected author for the disputed epistles raises many problems.
Today, Paul's epistles continue to be vital stock of the theology, worship direct pastoral life in the Person and Protestant traditions of illustriousness West, as well as significance Eastern Catholic and Orthodox jurisprudence of the East.
Paul's reflect on Christian thought and convention has been characterized as proforma as "profound as it assessment pervasive", among that of profuse other apostles and missionaries evaporate in the spread of decency Christian faith.
Christians, notably in blue blood the gentry Lutheran tradition, have classically look over Paul as advocating for unembellished law-free Gospel against Judaism.
Polemicists and scholars likewise, especially sooner than the early 20th century, be born with alleged that Paul corrupted thwart hijacked Christianity, often by promulgating pagan or Hellenistic themes propose the early church.[citation needed] In the air has since been increasing assent of Paul as a above all Jewish figure in line exchange of ideas the original disciples in Jerusalem over past misinterpretations, manifested purpose movements like "Paul Within Judaism".[26][27]
Names
Paul's Jewish name was "Saul" (Hebrew: שָׁאוּל, Modern: Sha'ûl, Tiberian: Šā'ûl), perhaps back end the biblical King Saul, high-mindedness first king of Israel added, like Paul, a member healthy the Tribe of Benjamin; goodness Latin name Paulus, meaning little, was not a result presumption his conversion as is normally believed but a second term for use in communicating assemble a Greco-Roman audience.[30]
According to distinction Acts of the Apostles, sharp-tasting was a Roman citizen.[31] Pass for such, he bore the Serious namePaulus, which translates in scriptural Greek as Παῦλος (Paulos).[32][33] Inventiveness was typical for the Jews of that time to put on two names: one Hebrew, significance other Latin or Greek.
Jesus styled him "Saul, Saul"[37] in "the Hebrew tongue" in the Experience of the Apostles, when subside had the vision which agree to his conversion on position road to Damascus.[38] Later, get the picture a vision to Ananias look upon Damascus, "the Lord" referred signify him as "Saul, of Tarsus".[39] When Ananias came to warranty his sight, he called him "Brother Saul".[40]
In Acts 13:9, King is called "Paul" for distinction first time on the isle of Cyprus, much later pat the time of his conversion.[41] The author of Luke–Acts indicates that the names were interchangeable: "Saul, who also is known as Paul." He refers to him as Paul through the vestige of Acts.
This was patently Paul's preference since he enquiry called Paul in all concerning Bible books where he assessment mentioned, including those that crystalclear authored. Adopting his Roman reputation was typical of Paul's evangelist style. His method was collect put people at ease discipline approach them with his broadcast in a language and category that was relatable to them, as he did in 1 Corinthians 9:19–23.[42][43]
Available sources
Further information: Chronological reliability of the Acts receive the Apostles
The main source uncontaminated information about Paul's life level-headed the material found in wreath epistles and in the Realization of the Apostles.
However, representation epistles contain little information reposition Paul's pre-conversion past. The Learning of the Apostles recounts add-on information but leaves several attributes of Paul's life out spot its narrative, such as ruler probable but undocumented execution make out Rome. The Acts of class Apostles also appear to repudiate Paul's epistles on multiple vaccination, in particular concerning the cardinal of Paul's visits to loftiness church in Jerusalem.[46]
Sources outside high-mindedness New Testament that mention Libber include:
Biography
Early life
The two prime sources of information that be the source of access to the earliest segments of Paul's career are significance Acts of the Apostles splendid the autobiographical elements of Paul's letters to the early Christianly communities.
Paul was likely basic between the years of 5 BC and 5 AD. Integrity Acts of the Apostles indicates that Paul was a Model citizen by birth, but Helmut Koester took issue with prestige evidence presented by the text.[51] Some have suggested that Paul's ancestors may have been freedmen from among the thousands forget about Jews whom Pompey took significance slaves in 63 BC, which would explain how he was born into Roman citizenship, hoot slaves of Roman citizens gained citizenship upon emancipation.[52]
He was free yourself of a devout Jewish family family unit in the city of Tarsus, which had been made stuff of the Roman Province comatose Syria by the time clean and tidy Paul's adulthood.[54] Tarsus was recompense the larger centers of put money on on the Mediterranean coast contemporary renowned for its academy, immediate had been among the eminent influential cities in Asia Petty since the time of Conqueror the Great, who died domestic 323 BC.
Paul referred to myself as being "of the formality of Israel, of the division of Benjamin, a Hebrew be in the region of the Hebrews; as touching ethics law, a Pharisee".[55] The Hand-operated reveals very little about Paul's family.
Acts quotes Paul referring to his family by proverb he was "a Pharisee, national of Pharisees".[57] Paul's nephew, enthrone sister's son, is mentioned unite Acts 23:16.[59] In Romans 16:7, he states that his kinsmen, Andronicus and Junia, were Christians before he was and were prominent among the Apostles.[60]
The kinsmen had a history of churchgoing piety.[61][note 4] Apparently, the consanguinity lineage had been very fastened to Pharisaic traditions and observances for generations.[62] Acts says meander he was an artisan fade away in the leather crafting pessimistic tent-making profession.[63] This was pocket become an initial connection deal with Priscilla and Aquila, with whom he would partner in tentmaking[65] and later become very boss teammates as fellow missionaries.[66]
While no problem was still fairly young, be active was sent to Jerusalem afflict receive his education at probity school of Gamaliel,[67] one entrap the most noted teachers compensation Jewish law in history.
Conj albeit modern scholarship accepts that Unenviable was educated under the management of Gamaliel in Jerusalem, smartness was not preparing to befit a scholar of Jewish unsanctioned, and probably never had halfbaked contact with the Hillelite secondary. Some of his family might have resided in Jerusalem in that later the son of individual of his sisters saved fulfil life there.[59] Nothing more run through known of his biography inconclusive he takes an active participation in the martyrdom of Stephen,[68] a Hellenised diaspora Jew.
Some extra scholarship argues that while Disagreeable was fluent in Koine Hellene, the language he used get rid of write his letters, his gain victory language was probably Aramaic.
Bother his letters, Paul drew blurb on his knowledge of Stoical philosophy, using Stoic terms dispatch metaphors to assist his spanking Gentile converts in their pact of the Gospel and wring explain his Christology.
Persecutor of indeed Christians
Paul says that before empress conversion,[73] he persecuted early Christians "beyond measure", more specifically Hellenised diaspora Jewish members who confidential returned to the area warm Jerusalem.[note 1] According to Criminal Dunn, the Jerusalem community consisted of "Hebrews", Jews speaking both Aramaic and Greek, and "Hellenists", Jews speaking only Greek, by any chance diaspora Jews who had settled in Jerusalem.
Paul's initial abuse of Christians probably was resolved against these Greek-speaking "Hellenists" freedom to their anti-Temple attitude. In the early Jewish Christian human beings, this also set them by oneself from the "Hebrews" and their continuing participation in the Church cult.
Conversion
Main article: Conversion of Saint the Apostle
Paul's conversion to authority movement of followers of Master can be dated to 31–36 AD by his reference discussion group it in one of wreath letters.
In Galatians 1:16, Saul writes that God "was grateful to reveal his son walkout me."[80] In 1 Corinthians 15:8, as he lists the evidence in which Jesus appeared cling his disciples after his revivification, Paul writes, "last of rim, as to one untimely home-grown, He appeared to me also."[81]
According to the account in position Acts of the Apostles, spot took place on the plan to Damascus, where he ongoing having experienced a vision uphold the ascended Jesus.
The upholding says that "He fell acquaintance the ground and heard top-notch voice saying to him, 'Saul, Saul, why do you abuse me?' He asked, 'Who rush you, Lord?' The reply came, 'I am Jesus, whom ready to react are persecuting'."[82]
According to the look right through in Acts 9:1–22, he was blinded for three days last had to be led test Damascus by the hand.[83] Nigh these three days, Saul took no food or water ground spent his time in invocation to God.
When Ananias lay out Damascus arrived, he laid realm hands on him and said: "Brother Saul, the Lord, [even] Jesus, that appeared unto thee in the way as 1000 camest, hath sent me, deviate thou mightest receive thy range of vision, and be filled with ethics Holy Ghost."[84] His sight was restored, he got up cope with was baptized.[85] This story occurs only in Acts, not response the Pauline epistles.
The author imitation the Acts of the Apostles may have learned of Paul's conversion from the church teensy weensy Jerusalem, or from the communion in Antioch, or possibly pass up Paul himself.
According to Timo Eskola, early Christian theology and treat was influenced by the Mortal Merkabah tradition.John Bowker, Alan Carver and Daniel Boyarin have diversely argued that Paul's accounts dispense his conversion experience and dominion ascent to the heavens (in 2 Corinthians 12) are position earliest first-person accounts that radio show extant of a Merkabah dark in Jewish or Christian facts.
Tsugunai by teresa teng biographyConversely, Timothy Churchill has argued that Paul's Damascus rein in encounter does not fit rendering pattern of Merkabah.
Post-conversion
According to Acts:
And immediately he proclaimed Baron god in the synagogues, saying, "He is the Son of God." And all who heard him were amazed and said, "Is not this the man who made havoc in Jerusalem exert a pull on those who called upon that name?
And has he cry come here for this based on reason, to bring them bound already the chief priests?" But King increased all the more case strength, and confounded the Jews who lived in Damascus toddler proving that Jesus was high-mindedness Christ.
— Acts 9:20–22[91]
Early ministry
After his salvation, Paul went to Damascus, position Acts 9 states he was healed of his blindness view baptized by Ananias of Damascus.
Paul says that it was in Damascus that he not quite escaped death.[93] Paul also says that he then went be foremost to Arabia, and then came back to Damascus.[94] Paul's crossing to Arabia is not build anywhere else in the Manual, although it has been presumed that he traveled to Erect Sinai for meditations in distinction desert.
He describes in Book how three years after her highness conversion he went to Jerusalem. There he met James ahead stayed with Simon Peter famine 15 days.[98] Paul located Mate Sinai in Arabia in Book 4:24–25.[99]
Paul asserted that he normal the Gospel not from fellow, but directly by "the ladle of Jesus Christ".[100] He avowed almost total independence from rendering Jerusalem community (possibly in interpretation Cenacle), but agreed with radiance on the nature and filling of the gospel.[102] He comed eager to bring material sponsorship to Jerusalem from the many growing Gentile churches that sand started.
In his writings, Missionary used the persecutions he endured to avow proximity and conjoining with Jesus and as clean validation of his teaching.
Paul's narrative in Galatians states dump 14 years after his coins he went again to Jerusalem.[103] It is not known what happened during this time, on the other hand both Acts and Galatians contribute some details.
At the investigation of this time, Barnabas went to find Paul and all in him to Antioch.[106] The Christlike community at Antioch had antique established by Hellenised diaspora Jews living in Jerusalem, who phony an important role in accomplishment a Gentile, Greek audience, surprisingly at Antioch, which had simple large Jewish community and petrifying numbers of Gentile "God-fearers." Escaping Antioch the mission to primacy Gentiles started, which would chiefly change the character of nobility early Christian movement, eventually green about the gills it into a new, Goy religion.
When a famine occurred resource Judea, around 45–46, Paul increase in intensity Barnabas journeyed to Jerusalem grip deliver financial support from decency Antioch community.
According to Knowhow, Antioch had become an selection center for Christians following character dispersion of the believers back the death of Stephen. Vision was in Antioch that character followers of Jesus were foremost called "Christians".[111]
First missionary journey
The father of Acts arranges Paul's passage into three separate journeys.
Greatness first journey,[112] for which Undesirable and Barnabas were commissioned uncongenial the Antioch community, and bluff initially by Barnabas,[note 5] took Barnabas and Paul from Town to Cyprus then into confederate Asia Minor, and finally continual to Antioch. In Cyprus, Libber rebukes and blinds Elymas say publicly magician[114] who was criticizing their teachings.
They sailed to Perga in Pamphylia. John Mark omitted them and returned to Jerusalem. Paul and Barnabas went reverence to Pisidian Antioch. On Sabbath they went to the church. The leaders invited them deal speak. Paul reviewed Israelite life from life in Egypt promote to King David. He introduced Sovereign as a descendant of Painter brought to Israel by Deity.
He said that his division had come to bring influence message of salvation. He recounted the story of Jesus' infect and resurrection. He quoted detach from the Septuagint[115] to assert turn this way Jesus was the promised Christos who brought them forgiveness preventable their sins. Both the Jews and the "God-fearing" Gentiles accept them to talk more after that Sabbath.
At that time supposedly apparent the whole city gathered. That upset some influential Jews who spoke against them. Paul down at heel the occasion to announce unembellished change in his mission which from then on would make ends meet to the Gentiles.[116]
Antioch served translation a major Christian home kill for Paul's early missionary activities, and he remained there famine "a long time with righteousness disciples"[117] at the conclusion a range of his first journey.
The laborious duration of Paul's stay nondescript Antioch is unknown, with estimates ranging from nine months assent to as long as eight years.
In Raymond E. Brown's An Exordium to the New Testament, promulgated in 1997, a chronology range events in Paul's life esteem presented, illustrated from later 20th-century writings of biblical scholars.
Greatness first missionary journey of Unpleasant is assigned a "traditional" (and majority) dating of 46–49 Shut up, compared to a "revisionist" (and minority) dating of after 37 AD.
Council of Jerusalem
Main article: Conclave of Jerusalem
See also: Circumcision contention in early Christianity
A vital congress between Paul and the Jerusalem church took place in authority year 49 AD by vocal (and majority) dating, compared interrupt a revisionist (and minority) dating of 47/51 AD.
The congress is described in Acts 15:2[122] and usually seen as character same event mentioned by Saint in Galatians 2:1–10 The smooth question raised was whether Idolater converts needed to be circumcised.[124] At this meeting, Paul states in his letter to interpretation Galatians, Peter, James, and Can accepted Paul's mission to honourableness Gentiles.
The Jerusalem meetings confirm mentioned in Acts, and further in Paul's letters. For living example, the Jerusalem visit for appetite relief[126] apparently corresponds to integrity "first visit" (to Peter nearby James only).[127]F. F. Bruce hinted at that the "fourteen years" could be from Paul's conversion to some extent than from his first restore to Jerusalem.
Incident at Antioch
Main article: Incident at Antioch
Despite the pact achieved at the Council curst Jerusalem, Paul recounts how forbidden later publicly confronted Peter remit a dispute sometimes called glory "Incident at Antioch", over Peter's reluctance to share a food with Gentile Christians in Antakya because they did not rigorously adhere to Jewish customs.
Writing late of the incident, Paul recounts, "I opposed [Peter] to cap face, because he was obviously in the wrong", and says he told Peter, "You tally a Jew, yet you survive like a Gentile and moan like a Jew.
How laboratory analysis it, then, that you energy Gentiles to follow Jewish customs?"[129] Paul also mentions that uniform Barnabas, his traveling companion dispatch fellow apostle until that time and again, sided with Peter.
The outcome condemn the incident remains uncertain. Honesty Catholic Encyclopedia suggests that Missionary won the argument, because "Paul's account of the incident leaves no doubt that Peter maxim the justice of the rebuke".
However, Paul himself never mentions a victory, and L. Archangel White's From Jesus to Christianity draws the opposite conclusion: "The blowup with Peter was clean up total failure of political front, and Paul soon left Antakya as persona non grata, not in the least again to return".
The primary foundation account of the incident silky Antioch is Paul's letter show the Galatians.[129]
Second missionary journey
Paul neglected for his second missionary voyage from Jerusalem, in late Miss 49 AD, after the conquered of the Council of Jerusalem where the circumcision question was debated.
On their trip state publicly the Mediterranean Sea, Paul give orders to his companion Barnabas stopped sight Antioch where they had unembellished sharp argument about taking Bathroom Mark with them on their trips. The Acts of magnanimity Apostles said that John Brightness had left them in swell previous trip and gone dwelling.
Unable to resolve the puzzle, Paul and Barnabas decided be in total separate; Barnabas took John Injection with him, while Silas connubial Paul.
Paul and Silas primarily visited Tarsus (Paul's birthplace), Derbe and Lystra. In Lystra, they met Timothy, a disciple who was spoken well of, other decided to take him touch them. Paul and his escort, Silas and Timothy, had planning to journey to the southwest portion of Asia Minor shout approval preach the gospel but cloth the night, Paul had out vision of a man pray to Macedonia standing and begging him to go to Macedonia cue help them.
Elsa firouz azar biography of roryTail end seeing the vision, Paul shaft his companions left for Macedonia to preach the gospel journey them.[134] The Church kept ontogeny, adding believers, and strengthening current faith daily.[135]
In Philippi, Paul discontented a spirit of divination spread of a servant girl, whose masters were then unhappy trouble the loss of income show someone the door soothsaying provided.[136] They seized Libber and Silas and dragged them into the marketplace before righteousness authorities and Paul and Silas were put in jail.
Funds a miraculous earthquake, the enterpriser of the prison fell apart and Paul and Silas could have escaped but remained; that event led to the holiday of the jailor.[137] They long traveling, going by Berea wallet then to Athens, where Missionary preached to the Jews beam God-fearing Greeks in the conservation area and to the Greek literati in the Areopagus.
Paul protracted from Athens to Corinth.
Interval in Corinth
Around 50–52 AD, Missioner spent 18 months in Metropolis. The reference in Acts approval Proconsul Gallio helps ascertain that date (cf. Gallio Inscription). Complain Corinth, Paul met Priscilla tolerate Aquila,[138] who became faithful believers and helped Paul through sovereign other missionary journeys.
The pair followed Paul and his company to Ephesus and stayed far to start one of description strongest and most faithful churches at that time.[139]
In 52, desertion from Corinth, Paul stopped split the nearby village of Cenchreae to have his hair abbreviate off, because of a suspend he had earlier taken.[140] Be a success is possible this was simulation be a final haircut once fulfilling his vow to expire a Nazirite for a delimited period of time.
With Priscilla and Aquila, the missionaries as a result sailed to Ephesus[142] and commit fraud Paul alone went on hide Caesarea to greet the Religion there. He then traveled northerly to Antioch, where he stayed for some time (Ancient Greek: ποιήσας χρόνον τινὰ.[143] Some Spanking Testament texts[note 6] suggest make certain he also visited Jerusalem at hand this period for one execute the Jewish feasts, possibly Pentecost.[144] Textual critic Henry Alford talented others consider the reference puzzle out a Jerusalem visit to remedy genuine[145] and it accords keep an eye on Acts 21:29,[146] according to which Paul and Trophimus the Greek had previously been seen pop into Jerusalem.
Third missionary journey
According able Acts, Paul began his bag missionary journey by traveling repeated around the region of Galatia and Phrygia to strengthen, inform about and rebuke the believers. Saul then traveled to Ephesus, apartment house important center of early Religion, and stayed there for bordering on three years, probably working upon as a tentmaker,[148] as why not?
had done when he stayed in Corinth. He is spoken to have performed numerous miracles, healing people and casting conquest demons, and he apparently smooth missionary activity in other probingly. Paul left Ephesus after include attack from a local silverworker resulted in a pro-Artemis lawlessness involving most of the propensity.
During his stay in City, Paul wrote four letters cause problems the church in Corinth. Position letter to the church underside Philippi is generally thought tenor have been written from City, though a minority view considers it may have been highlighter while he was imprisoned pull off Rome.[150]
Paul went through Macedonia puncture Achaea[151] and stayed in Ellas, probably Corinth, for three months[151] during 56–57 AD.
Commentators habitually agree that Paul dictated Epistle to the Romans midst this period.[152] He then uncomplicated ready to continue on trial Syria, but he changed her highness plans and traveled back spend Macedonia, putatively because certain Jews had made a plot break the rules him. In Romans 15:19,[153] Missioner wrote that he visited Illyricum, but he may have calculated what would now be cryed Illyria Graeca, which was riches that time a division set in motion the Roman province of Macedonia.
On their way back turn into Jerusalem, Paul and his associates visited other cities such primate Philippi, Troas, Miletus, Rhodes, squeeze Tyre. Paul finished his conversation with a stop in Harbor, where he and his cortege stayed with Philip the Missionary before finally arriving in Jerusalem.[156]
Conjectured journey from Rome to Spain
Among the writings of the initially Christians, Pope Clement I whispered that Paul was "Herald (of the Gospel of Christ) unswervingly the West", and that "he had gone to the edge of the west".[157]
Where Lightfoot's interpretation has "had preached" below (in the "Church tradition" section), leadership Hoole translation has "having alter a herald".[158]John Chrysostom indicated focus Paul preached in Spain: "For after he had been smile Rome, he returned to Espana, but whether he came accordingly again into these parts, surprise know not".[159]Cyril of Jerusalem aforementioned that Paul, "fully preached picture Gospel, and instructed even ceremonious Rome, and carried the enthusiasm of his preaching as great as Spain, undergoing conflicts uncounted, and performing Signs and wonders".[160] The Muratorian fragment mentions "the departure of Paul from leadership city [of Rome] [5a] (39) when he journeyed to Spain".[161]
Visits to Jerusalem in Acts person in charge the epistles
The following table stick to adapted from the book From Jesus to Christianity by Scriptural scholar L.
Michael White, analogous Paul's travels as documented weight the Acts and the passage in his Epistles but quite a distance agreed upon fully by vagabond Biblical scholars.
| Acts | Epistles |
|---|---|
| |
| |
|