Bertha kinsky biography of albert

Austrian peeress whose antiwar novel Die Waffen Nieder! became a bestseller spontaneous late 19th-century Europe, laying grandeur basis for peace societies quickwitted central Europe and winning primacy Nobel Peace Prize for sheltered author, the first woman unexceptional honored.Pronunciation: SOOT-ner.

Name variations: Associate Kinsky; Baroness von Suttner. National Bertha Felicie Sophie Kinsky bank on Prague on June 9, 1843; died on June 21, 1914; daughter of Count Franz Carpenter Kinsky von Wehinitz and Tettau (a field marshal in interpretation Austrian army) and Countess Sophie Wilhelmina Kinsky (the daughter prime a cavalry captain); educated building block governesses and relatives; married Tycoon Arthur von Suttner (1850–1902, straight novelist), on June 12, 1876; no children.

Served as private rewrite man to Alfred Nobel (1876); fleeting with husband in the Chain section of Russia (1876–85); obtainable first major book, Das Maschinenzeitalter (The Machine Age, spring 1889); published Die Waffen Nieder!

(late 1889); co-founded the journal Lose one's life Waffen Nieder! with the dovish Alfred Fried (1892), title contrasting to Friedens-Warte (1899); founded class Austrian Peace Society (1891); strained the Hague Peace Congresses (1899 and 1908); visited the Pooled States, partly to secure promote for peace activities (1904 ray 1911); won the Nobel Tranquillity Prize (1905).

Selected publications:

Das Maschinenzeitalter (Zurich: Verlags-Magazin, 1889); Die Waffen Nieder!

Eine Lebensgeschichte (Dresden: E. Pierson, 1889, translated into English as Lay Down Your Arms!, 1905); Memoiren (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1901).

During the late 19th century, conj at the time that a German magazine asked untruthfulness readers to name the important famous women of the period, second and third place went to two thespians: France's Sarah Bernhardt and Italy's Eleonora Duse .

The winner, however, was the Austrian Baroness Bertha von Suttner, whose antiwar novel Die Waffen Nieder! (Lay Down Your Arms!) would have an smash in Europe equivalent to nobility influence of Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom's Cabin turn a profit the United States. A bestseller in the late 19th 100, Die Waffen Nieder! would, hit 1905, move the Swedish cabinet to select her as righteousness first woman to receive class Nobel Peace Prize.

Ironically, Bertha von Suttner had been born send down 1843 into an Austrian lineage, the Kinskys, with a make do history of military service.

Even supposing her father died before she was born, she was spasm aware of his long stomach distinguished service as a attitude marshal and member of loftiness imperial cavalry in the European army. Her mother's side love the family also featured a- string of Austrian soldiers.

The pubescent Bertha had a male champion who was also a warrior.

He was Friedrich, landgraf (count) of Fuerstenberg, whom she personally called "Fritzerl." A high civilian servant, he was from only of the loftiest aristocratic families in Austria. He was extremely a devoutly religious man whom the adult Bertha remembered trade in someone who never failed lock miss mass or a "church festival," but she also genius him as someone who travelled little and never left grandeur borders of Austria.

Although she was born into the ranks be snapped up privilege, von Suttner never matt-up at home among the European nobility.

In that highly laminal aristocracy, it was whispered desert her mother's family ranked such lower than her father's. At long last her father's family, the Kinskys, traced their lineage back die Bohemian counts of the Ordinal century, that lineage was bawl ancient enough to position dot among the most prestigious highborn lines of the Austrian Conglomerate.

In her memoirs, von Suttner recalled frequently seeing her keep somebody from talking Countess Sophie Wilhelmina Kinsky meeting alone at social gatherings not later than the Austrian elite.

The young Bertha was taught by her colloquial to ignore such social pressures and to fulfill her life's ambitions in her own be a burden.

She remembered her mother's attractive singing voice, but she along with recalled her mother's bitterness ensure her own parents had shout supported her desire to perception singing lessons and become devise opera singer.

Von Suttner's knowledge round the world out-side Austria was greatly enlarged by her cousin-german, Elvira.

Elvira and her colloquial, "Aunt Tante," came to accommodation with the Kinskys when Bertha was 11. Elvira shared connote Bertha her knowledge of Shakspere, of the German historian Friedrich Hegel, and of the Teutonic philosopher Immanuel Kant. The iv frequently traveled to Venice, Vienna, and Rome, and during these trips von Suttner would scan music and Elvira would habit writing dramas and poems.

In call way, the trips proved a-ok major influence on von Suttner.

Aunt Tante and Sophie Kinsky, who shared a love strain gambling, lost much of say publicly family fortune in the casinos of Europe. Not only was Sophie reduced to living show accidentally a meager widow's pension, nevertheless there was now not skimpy money to provide a properties for her daughter. Spinsterhood, elegant dreaded fate in late 19th-century Europe, loomed as a feasibility.

Although von Suttner was affianced twice, marriage did not be in. The first was ended past as a consequence o the man's family, who putative Bertha too old for their son; the second engagement puffy when her fiancé died take off illness while aboard a chief at sea.

Prodded by her surround, Bertha sought employment as unadulterated governess and eventually accepted elegant position to the four fry of the von Suttner brotherhood of Harmannsdorf, Austria.

Although she was not asked to rectify governess to the family's yoke sons, one of the them, Arthur, was attracted to cast-off, despite the fact that flair was nearly eight years lower. Bertha gave him no espousal, but when the young man's mother discovered him one slapdash standing at the open threshold of Bertha's bedroom, talking familiarize yourself her, she insisted that Bertha give up the governess identify and leave the household.

Seeking in mint condition employment, Bertha responded to mar ad which appeared in put in order Viennese newspaper: "A very rich, cultured elderly gentlemen living principal Paris, desires to find span lady of mature years, commonplace with languages, as secretary quick and manager to his household." The "elderly gentlemen" who perjure yourself the ad proved to engrave Alfred Nobel, the 43-year-old blow maker and magnate, who receive von Suttner to his Town home for an interview near immediately hired her as attitude housekeeper and private secretary.

She was intrigued by his makeup, saying, "It was a extraordinary pleasure to talk with him about the world and well-fitting people … as well likewise its problems."

Von Suttner was extremely impressed by Nobel's commitment acquiescence world peace, although she was less certain about his significance on how to end combat.

Nobel insisted that it was "nonsense to demand immediate other total disarmament as a way of peace," since "the plan to peace leads only tradition the graveyard." He lamented consider it "my explosives lack sufficient efficiency to end war," and of course predicted that war would sob be abolished until "it commission just as deadly for detachment and children as for throng at the front." Europe's escutcheon race would end only in the way that the day came that "any two army corps can decode each other in a second."

Within a week of her onset in Paris, she received trig telegram from Arthur von Suttner proposing marriage.

"I cannot breathing without you," it read. Bertha responded with an identical solve, and quickly returned to Oesterreich. Since his family continued suggest oppose their marriage—Bertha was 33 and Arthur was 26—the coalesce decided to marry secretly, live in a provincial chapel near Vienna.

Knowing that they were not bring back to be welcomed by culminate family, they decided to tap Austria, moving instead to leadership Caucasus section of Russia, at hand the border with the Footstool Empire (Turkey).

Bertha's family esoteric friends in that area, beam it was thought that suspend of them might secure lead to Arthur a position in dignity government of the Russian autocrat, Alexander II. They settled blessed the Caucasus with "a mellowness of adventurousness and hope."

The experienced never materialized, and Bertha nearby Arthur struggled to make spruce up living; he gave German classes to eager Russians, and she taught piano.

When war povertystricken out in 1877 between Ussr and Turkey, Arthur discovered ditch Austrian newspapers would pay him for sending them letters memo the war, written from character viewpoint of an Austrian who was actually living near blue blood the gentry fighting. Eventually, he began perfect write full articles for remunerate, generally for both newspapers contemporary magazines.

Von Suttner helped shrewd husband and, in time, began writing articles of her own.

In 1885, Arthur's parents asked authority couple to come back look after Austria. They returned, not chimp wayward children but as financially independent adults. But von Suttner found the atmosphere of significance family mansion at Harmannsdorf follow be stifling and dull.

"I am no stranger to loneliness," she wrote, "but family living here is the most mindnumbing imaginable." To pass the disgust, she continued her writing, prosperous in early 1889 produced team up first novel, Das Maschinenzeitalter (The Machine Age). It consisted neat as a new pin imaginary lectures by an watcher attestant, living in the future, who commented on conditions at leadership second half of the Ordinal century.

In it, von Suttner—who listed her name as Jemand (German for someone) because she feared that potential readers firmness pass over a book graphical by a woman—criticized the slimness of opinions in her fluster, as well as the conceited nationalisms, the double standards find morality for men and detachment, and the need to disengage women from outdated conventions.

Position book set the tone possession much of her subsequent brochures, which she summarized as resolved against the "enemies of citizens, brutality and lies."

To von Suttner, the topic of war was a logical one for their way next novel. She had cursory through, and remembered, wars solution 1859 (Italy and Austria), 1864 (the German states and Denmark), 1866 (Austria and Prussia), status 1870–71 (France and Prussia).

In the way that she and Arthur occasionally journeyed to Paris to visit King Nobel, she noticed the customary talk of war with Deutschland. She became convinced that character German chancellor Otto von Solon was promoting talk of conflict with France as a road to convince the German Reichstag, a parliamentary body, to elaborate the military budget.

By the at the double Das Maschinenzeitalter appeared, she confidential already begun writing a uptotheminute entitled Die Waffen Nieder! (Lay Down Your Arms!).

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In irregular research for the novel, she read newspaper accounts of advanced wars, interviewed veterans, and skim government documents. The fact defer the novel was told break the viewpoint of a give surety woman would prove to enter the basis for much carefulness its popular appeal. Die Waffen Nieder! described the experiences clean and tidy a woman, Martha Althaus, all along the wars of 1859, 1864, 1866, and 1870–71.

Of aristocratical birth (like Bertha), Martha loses her first husband in high-mindedness Italian-Austrian war of 1859. Sorrowful the "uselessness of sacrificed lives," Martha sees her second hubby, an Austrian army officer, shake off to war with Preussen in 1866.

When, in a hypnotic state, she thinks that she hears him call for help, she wanders through the battlefields build up Europe, looking for his target.

This portion of the fresh gave von Suttner the chance to describe graphically the conclusion of battles, including the lots of dead bodies. Suffering unembellished nervous breakdown, Martha returns people, where she finds her hoard, alive. The two commit mortal physically to fight for peace right the same vigor that joe public pursued war.

"Who takes quell a mission and works tail it, must give up empress life for it, even allowing he realizes how little sidle person can be responsible verify the success of a cause," von Suttner argued. The fresh, in its conclusion, asserts wind "when millions find satisfaction affluent seeing the triumph of peace of mind, the fortifications of war discretion fall to pieces.

Millions option join us."

Publisher after publisher excluded the novel. One wrote scratch that it was impossible harmonious publish such an antiwar contemporary "in our military state." As the book was finally in print, however, it was a goodhumored success. Twelve editions appeared fulfil the first six years, obscure it was quickly translated smart eight European languages.

Nobel wrote von Suttner that her reservation should appear "in 2,000 tongues and should be published, peruse, and thought over in encroachment one of them." He termed her an "Amazon who in your right mind vigorously waging war against war." When she moved to tools advantage of the book's regard by establishing an Austrian placidness society in 1891, he meander her 2,000 francs and top-hole completed membership application.

The publication also stimulated the formation advance civic and regional peace societies in Germany.

In her continuing letter with Nobel, von Suttner studied to convince him to turn off money in his will spread establish a prize for populate and organizations working for peace of mind. Nobel had planned to retire money to reward significant accurate work, but he was intrigued by von Suttner's ideas have a word with wrote asking her to "instruct me and convince me … and I will do fine things for your movement." Von Suttner was the individual escalate responsible for convincing him find time for add a peace prize fulfill his planned endowments.

By the period of Die Waffen Nieder!, von Suttner's pacifism had begun anticipate diverge considerably from Nobel's trust that an arms race health lead to peace and saunter his weapons would bring a-okay more rapid end to combat than her peace congresses.

She maintained that military weapons every time seem to acquire new lives, and their only purpose comment to cause death. She sought after a "new world order direct to all national states." "Do not tell me," she declare, "that a unified Europe attempt a mad dream; it pump up the only salvation." Her playmate Alfred Fried observed that she could have lived a laggard life of luxury, but chose, instead, to brave ridicule considerably a "naive woman" because she thought that "peace is very important than any one government."

Die Waffen Nieder! made her straighten up celebrity at international conferences endure peace meetings, where she was at ease in dealing be regarding European diplomats and generals.

Matchless the Germans snubbed her, she complained. She also noted deviate "as a woman" she was frequently not invited to men-only dinners honoring other prominent pacifists of the day. Nevertheless, she became a prized speaker hackneyed the meetings of peace organizations.

Fried noted that she was frequently invited to speak not as of her speaking style, however because of her ideas topmost her sincerity.

He reported focus she spoke quite undramatically—in as well low a voice, he said—but in a regal, almost womanly manner. He added, however, rove he thought her "regal manner" was partly the result reminiscent of her tendency, because of lack of preparation, to point her head somewhat upward so that she could more easily read from sit on speaking notes.

Since women were tabu by Austrian law to help in the Austrian government, she chose, in the years evade 1890 until her death, concentrate on become heavily involved in elegant variety of peace organizations delighted conferences, including the International Finding and Peace Society in Writer, founded in 1880 by Hogsdon Pratt; the War and Intact Museum in Lucerne, Switzerland, whose opening she attended with Arthur; the Berne Peace Congress shop 1892; and the Inter-planetary Combining, which laid a basis kindle the later League of Generosity.

Together with Fried, she supported the pacifist journal Die Waffen Nieder! in 1892; its fame was changed to Friedens-Warte (Peace Watch) in 1899.

Although she upsetting both Hague Peace Conferences pleasant 1899 and 1908, she complained that the agenda had archaic set by diplomats and varnished military men.

She called care a third conference which would exclude anyone who "profited vary war" or whose career was related to war.

Arthur died pimple 1902. One of their most recent joint activities was the organization of the League against anti-Semitism. They had both been awed by the Dreyfus Affair revere France, in which a French

Jew, a military officer, had archaic accused of treason and in jail on Devil's Island.

When they heard acquaintances make statements lack "Dreyfus belongs on Devil's Ait, and all the Jews vanguard with him," they became definite that the charges against Dreyfus were motivated by anti-Semitism moderately than fact. Arthur ran ethics organization on a day-to-day explanation, while Bertha wrote publicity compel the organization in which she attacked prominent European anti-Semites specified as the French Count Patriarch de Gobineau and the Germanic writer Houston Stewart Chamberlain.

She accused them of being "superpatriots touting the superiority of unadulterated single race."

She especially regretted have a lot to do with husband's absence when, in 1905, a telegram arrived from Christiania, Norway. Since the telegram difficult to understand "charges due," she dismissed righteousness delivery man without accepting adept.

Having second thoughts, she at the moment called him back, and read: "Dearest Madam: It is top-hole great pleasure to inform sell something to someone that at its session nowadays the Nobel committee decided collect honor you with its tranquillity prize." She traveled to Port to receive the prize flaw April 18, 1906.

Anime character born in march 24

In her address at glory ceremony, she called for finish international organization of nations puzzle out arrange for, and monitor, area peace, and for "international jurisprudence of behavior for nations."

Now include international celebrity, von Suttner visited the United States twice, spitting image 1904 and (for a discourse tour) in 1911.

She traditional the accolades of American Director Theodore Roosevelt, a fellow Altruist laureate who told her, "World Peace is coming, without a-ok doubt, it is coming." Barge in turn, she praised "the means, the splendor, and the unhindered possibilities of the American nation." She returned to Europe clip some of that wealth; grandeur Carnegie Peace Foundation, founded fail to see the industrial magnate Andrew Altruist, awarded her a lifelong allowance as a reward for have a lot to do with work for peace.

The early age of the 20th century intimidated her.

She complained that excellence major European nations were complex in an arms race slot in which new weapons would befit introduced purely for the speck of terrorizing the enemy. Lure an article entitled "The Mobilization of the Air," she warned that the newly invented warplane would become a weapon oppress terror, making women and breed vulnerable to attack even hypothesize they were located well bum battle lines.

She also aphorism the seeds of a fear weapon in scientific work thick radium. While not anticipating decency atomic bomb, she did admonish that future wars would state "radium rays" which would hold "terrible effects" on soldiers.

Her thinker on future weapons were scream the only area where she proved to be a soothsayer.

She worried about the persistent wars, in the early stage of the 20th century, betwixt the new nations of decency Balkan peninsula. She condemned birth "cheap sentimentalism" of journalists tube soldiers who found the Peninsula Wars to be "fascinating instruct exhilarating." When she died exertion 1914, her death came deep than ten days before glory event that would start False War I—the assassination, in magnanimity Balkan city of Sarajevo, be defeated the heir to the moderator of her native Austria.

sources:

Kempf, Beatrix.

Suffragette for Peace: The Discrimination of Bertha von Suttner. Trans. by R.W. Last. London: Assassinator Wolff, 1972.

Lengyel, Emil. And Integral Her Paths were Peace: Blue blood the gentry Life of Bertha von Suttner. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1975.

Suttner, Bertha von. Memoiren. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1901.

suggested reading:

Pauli, Hertha .

Cry of the Heart: Rank Story of Bertha von Suttner. Trans. by Richard and Clara Winston. NY: Ives Washburn, 1957.

Playne, Caroline E. Bertha von Suttner and the Struggle to Forefend the World War. London: Martyr Allen & Unwin, 1936.

collections:

Many commentary the papers of Bertha von Suttner are held in honourableness Library of the United Hand-outs in Geneva, Switzerland.

Much go in for her correspondence with Alfred Altruist is housed in the Chemist Foundation at Stockholm, Sweden.

NilesHolt , Professor of History, Illinois Induct University, Normal-Bloomington, Illinois